Dynamics of Development and Transformations of Ownership in Western Fars: The Bozpar Valley (Bushehr Region, Iran)

伊朗西南部的法尔斯省被认为是阿契美尼德和萨萨尼亚两个波斯帝国的发源地。但是，无视对其历史的长期兴趣，并鉴于有限的考古研究，即使是在这些时期，更广泛的法尔斯地区的历史也只被部分了解。特别是在西部法尔，聚落的动态和社会结构的变化很难重建。目前的争论涉及游牧民族在该地区历史中的作用，以及阿尔萨季德和萨萨尼亚以及萨萨尼亚和早期伊斯兰统治和物质文化之间的差异，这似乎是模棱两可的。在法尔斯西部的博兹帕尔山谷拟议的项目试图对这些问题做出有意义的贡献。博兹帕尔是扎格罗斯山脉(布什尔省)的一个小而隐蔽的山谷。赫兹菲尔德于1924年在邻近的萨马什哈德平原记录了萨桑人的纪念碑，而博兹帕尔山谷第一次被参观是在1961年。Vanden Berghe注意到许多废墟，并报告了一座(后)阿契美尼德坟墓，与帕萨尔达代的Cyros II陵墓有关，以及两座萨珊晚期(或早期伊斯兰)代表性建筑(Kushk-e Bala和Kushk-e Ardashir)的废墟。最近，Askari Chaverdi(2014)指出了另外四个他认为可以追溯到后阿切美尼德时代的遗址。尽管如此，卫星图像显示了一些古老的定居点和广泛的水管理特征，特别是25公里长的运河和坎儿井。一项结合了调查、地球物理工作、建筑分析和定向挖掘的微观区域研究为(1)详细重建山谷历代的历史、土地组织和水资源管理提供了极好的视角，并对整个法尔斯的转变过程产生了更广泛的影响。游牧活动的痕迹可能会导致目前关于(史前)更大范围内的运输的作用的争论。几个TEPE之间的空间关系及其与水资源的关系可能允许模拟较小社区的土地使用，主要是在(后)阿契美尼德时代。(2)特别强调萨萨尼亚/早期伊斯兰时期。纪念性建筑的出现似乎与山谷灌溉系统的重新调整是当代的。这意味着土地所有权和土地使用的根本转变，即其资源制度和社会机构的改变，这可能是萨萨尼亚帝国大部分地区政治和社会结构调整的一部分。因此，Kushk-e Bala建筑群可能是Dehghan人乡村住宅的第一个考古范例，Dehghan人是地主绅士，在6世纪成为萨桑人权威的支柱。因此，博兹帕尔河谷关于复原力和社会变迁的微观研究可能会对法尔斯的历史描述产生强烈的影响，特别是对研究较少的西部法尔斯地区。

The south-western Iranian province of Fars is known as the origin of the two Persian empires of the Achaemenids and Sasanians. But in defiance of the long-standing interest in their history and in the light of limited archaeological research, the history of the wider Fars region even in those periods is only partially understood. Particularly in western Fars settlement dynamics and changes in the social structure are difficult to reconstruct. Current debates concern the role of nomads in the region’s history and differences between Arsacid and Sasanian as well as Sasanian and early Islamic rule and material culture, which appears ambiguous. The proposed project on the Bozpar valley in western Fars attempts to contribute meaningful to these questions.Bozpar is a small, secluded valley in the Zagros mountains (Bushehr province). While Herzfeld documented Sasanian monuments in the neighboring Sar Mashhad plain in 1924, Bozpar valley was first visited in 1961. Vanden Berghe noticed numerous ruins and reported a (post-)Achaemenid tomb, related to Cyros’ II tomb in Pasargadae, and ruins of two late Sasanian (or early Islamic) representative buildings (Kushk-e Bala and Kushk-e Ardashir). Recently, Askari Chaverdi (2014) indicated four additional sites which he dated to post-Achaemenid times. Still, satellite images reveal a number of ancient settlements and extensive water management features, notably 25 km of canals and qanat. Moreover, many of them appear to belong to Kushk-e Bala, a near palatial complex.A micro-regional study which combines survey, geophysical work, architectural analysis and target-oriented excavations offers excellent perspectives for(1) a detailed reconstruction of the valley’s history, land organization and water management through the ages with wider implications for transformation processes across Fars. Traces of nomadic activities might contribute to the current controversy about the role of transhumancy in the wider area in (pre-)historic times. The spatial relationship between several tepe and their relation to water resources might allow to model land-use by smaller communities, mostly in (post-)Achaemenid times.(2) Special emphasis is placed on the Sasanian/early Islamic period. The presence of monumental structures seems contemporary to a realignment of the valley’s irrigation system. This suggest a fundamental transformation of land ownership and land use, i.e., changes in its resource regime and of social institutions, probably as part of a political and social restructuring of large parts of the Sasanian Empire. The complex of Kushk-e Bala could thus be the first archaeological example for a country residence of a dehghan, the landed gentry, which in the 6th century became the backbone of Sasanian authority. Therefore, the Bozpar valley micro-study on resilience and social change could have intense repercussions for the historical description of Fars, and the poorly researched Western Fars region in particular.