Turbulent structures and dynamic mechanisms in transonic airfoil buffet and in the interaction between airfoil wake and tailplane

在接近飞行包线边界处，现代运输机的跨声速流动具有机翼和水平尾翼非定常气动现象复杂耦合的特点。在跨声速翼型吸力侧，局部超声速区域被激波终止，激波的强度随迎角和马赫数的增加而增大，并会在翼型上引起大规模的流动分离。激波和边界层之间的相互作用可以激发周期性的自持续激波振荡（buffet），这可能导致潜在的有害结构振荡（buff抖），从而限制了寿命和可用的飞行包线。此外，这些非定常冲击对翼型的影响也通过尾迹影响到尾翼周围的流动。这导致了复杂的流体配置，而这些配置尚未得到详细的研究和理解。因此，了解和预测冲击机制是安全扩展飞行包线边界的必要条件。这样做的先决条件是对二维和三维中不同冲击机制的相互作用和潜在叠加有一个基本的理解。这些研究的基础是最初对结构刚性和振动影响情况的解耦考虑，考虑到从2D到2.5D到3D后掠翼几何形状的逐步过渡。因此，TP6的总体目标是基本确定结构振动、扫掠效应和跨音速冲击机制之间的关系，以及它们对水平尾翼空气动力学的影响。为实现这一目标，将生成高分辨率实验数据，并与研究股内生成的数值数据协同评估。详细的基础实验在一个后掠串联机翼上进行，雷诺数可达到高保真数值方法。与欧洲跨音速风洞（ETW）测量数据的协同评估缩小了与飞行真实雷诺数的差距。因此，流动物理和雷诺数和翼型后掠的影响可以进行研究，也支持数值方法的进一步发展。同步DIC（数字图像相关）和聚焦纹影测量的实现允许同时获取耦合的空气动力学和结构动力学现象。立体双粒子图像测速测量提供了访问速度场和加速度信息。结合先进的后处理方法，分析相干湍流结构（适当的正交分解；动态模式分解）和频谱分析，这一独特的数据集将允许的见解，将显著推进跨音速翼型自助餐的理解及其对尾翼空气动力学的影响在飞行包线的边界。

Close to the boundaries of the flight envelope, the transonic flow around modern transport aircraft is characterized by a complex coupling of unsteady aerodynamic phenomena at the wing and horizontal tailplane. On the suction side of transonic airfoils, local supersonic regions are terminated by a shock wave whose strength increases with angle of attack and Mach number, and can cause massive flow separation on the airfoil. The interaction between the shock and the boundary layer can incite periodic self-sustained shock oscillations (buffet), which can induce potentially detrimental structural oscillations (buffeting), thus limiting the life span and the usable flight envelope. In addition, these unsteady buffet-induced effects on the airfoil are also imprinted on the flow around the tailplane via the wake of the airfoil. This leads to complex flow configurations that have not yet been investigated and understood in detail. Therefore, the understanding and predictability of buffet mechanisms is necessary to safely expand the boundaries of the flight envelope. The prerequisite for this is a fundamental understanding of the interplay and potential superposition of different buffet mechanisms in 2D and 3D. The basis of these investigations is the initially decoupled consideration of the structurally stiff and vibration-affected cases, taking into account a stepwise transition from 2D, via 2.5D to 3D swept-wing geometries. The overall goal of TP6 is therefore the fundamental identification of the relationships between structural vibrations, sweep effects and the mechanisms of transonic buffet as well as their effects on the horizontal tailplane aerodynamics. To achieve this, high-resolution experimental data will be generated and assessed in synergy with the numerical data generated within the Research Unit. Detailed fundamental experiments are carried out on a swept tandem wing at a Reynolds number accessible to high-fidelity numerical methods. The synergetic evaluation with the measurement data acquired in the European Transonic Windtunnel (ETW) closes the gap to flight-realistic Reynolds numbers. Thus, flow physics and the influence of Reynolds number and airfoil sweep can be investigated, also supporting the further development of numerical methods. The implementation of synchronized DIC (Digital Image Correlation) and focusing-schlieren measurements allows the simultaneous acquisition of the coupled aerodynamic and structural dynamic phenomena. Stereo-Dual-Particle Image Velocimetry measurements provide access to velocity-field and acceleration information. Combined with advanced post-processing methods for the analysis of coherent turbulent structures (Proper Orthogonal Decomposition; Dynamic Mode Decomposition) and spectral analyses, this unique data set will allow insights that will significantly advance the understanding of transonic airfoil buffet and its influence on the tailplane aerodynamics at the boundary of the flight envelope.