A Study on the Origin and Lineage of Cattle and Horses viewed from the Bones Excavated at Ancient Sites in Japan.--- A Comparison with the Japanese Native Breeds ---

为了弄清日本牛、马的起源和血统，对日本考古遗址的牛、马遗骸进行了调查，并采用形态计量学方法将古代牛、马的骨骼与日本本土品种进行了比较。研究结果总结如下：1。在日本出土的骨头和牙齿遗址有177处（牛）和379处（马），共556处，时间基本上是从土丘时代到中世纪。它们大多分布在东京、神奈川、福冈、大阪和千叶。三岛牛（雄性2头，雌性2头）、库之岛牛（雄性3头，雌性2头）等本土牛的头骨和肢骨。7)和现代日本黑牛（m.10,f. 10）。从测量结果和主成分分析结果来看，库之岛牛是最小的。根据主成分分析，托卡拉马（矮种马）的头盖骨和肢骨(m.5,f。8)、Misaki马(m。更多的9，f。13)， Kiso马(m.1,f。10)和现代纯种马(m.5,f。5)大小明显分开。此外，还根据牛、马骨骼的长度、宽度和直径，制定了马肩高的估算公式。在藤原京、平安京、木原贝丘等20多个地点出土的牛骨虽然比日本的黑牛小，但与当地的黑牛大小相同。从藤原京、平安京、千里东等地出土的大部分马骨被认为属于中型马，如Misaki马。在后期的土冢时代，以教代和八打为装饰的泥马像主要在关东地区出土，而在日本西部地区则很少出土。5 .在奈良和平安时代建造的土堆中，出土了许多被认为是用于宗教仪式的Doba，几乎在日本各地都有发现。根据上述结果，牛马传入日本的时间可以估计为弥生时代到古冢时代，但必须促进对日本各地出土物品的进一步研究。少

In order to clarify the origin and lineage of cattle and horses in Japan, the remains from archaeological sites were investigated, and the bones of anciant cattle and horses were compared with those of native breeds by morphometric methods. The results are summarized as follows:1. The number of sites in Japan where bones and teeth has been excavated amounts to 177(cattle) and 379(horse), totally 556, and the dates largely goes from the burial mound era to the middle ages. many of them are found in Tokyo, Kanagawa, Fukuoka, Osaka and Chiba.2. The skulls and limb-bones of such native cattle as mishima cattle(male 2, female 2), Kuchinoshima cattle(m.3,f.7) and modern Japanese Black cattle(m.10,f.20) were measured, and, judging from the results of measurements and principal component analysis, it was found that Kuchinoshima cattle is the smallest.3. According to the principal component analysis the skulls and limb-bones of such native horses as Tokara (pony) horse(m.5,f.8), Misaki horse(m. … More 9,f.13), Kiso horse(m.1,f.10) and modern thoroughbred(m.5,f.5) were clealy separated in size. In addition, the estimated formulas of withers height were made from the length, breadth and diameter of bones in cattle and horses.4. All the cattle bones which has been excavated from over 20 sites such as Fujiwara-kyo, Heian-kyo and Kakiwara shell-mound are smaller than Japanese Black cattle but are of the same size with the native. most of the horse bones excavated from Fujuwara-kyo, Heian-kyo, and Chibachihigashi sites etc. were considered to belong to those of medium-sized as the Misaki horse.5. In later burial mound era, clay images of horse decorated with Gyoyo and Bataku has been excavated mostly in Kanto district but rarely in the west part of Japan. Doba, supposed to be used in religious service, has been excavated in many instances from the mounds built in Nara and Heian Era and they were found in almost all over Japan.6. From the result mentioned above, the date of the introduction of cattle and horse into Japan could be estimated from Yayoi to Anciant Burial Mound Era, but further examination of excavated articles in various parts of japan must be promoted. Less