Molecular and biochemical development of the domestication of soybean

本研究旨在通过积累大豆亚属大豆的生化、分子生物学和生态学信息，阐明大豆亚属大豆的遗传分化和群体结构，探讨野生大豆的驯化和系统进化过程以及野生大豆对驯化和系统进化的贡献.在日本野生大豆群体中观察到三种类型的叶绿体基因组，并根据叶绿体基因组的分化探讨了大豆亚属的发生和进化.野生大豆线粒体基因组具有多态性，并通过克隆测定了其变异体的序列。讨论了线粒体基因组的进化过程。为研究其多态性与栽培大豆的关系，完成了大豆栽培品种的物理图谱.根据1053份日本大豆地方品种和447份野生大豆材料的同工酶基因型，明确了等位基因频率的地理分布、遗传结构和遗传变异.大豆蛋白质和脂肪含量在日本早期大豆地方品种间存在显著差异。特别是极早期的可以明显分为高蛋白低脂肪和低蛋白高脂肪两类，也可以分为高油酸和低油酸两类.两种不同的生长形式，即缠绕和分枝，清楚地反映了与环境稳定性相关的生殖和生态分化.原产于台湾北方的野生大豆亚属大豆与东亚常见的野生大豆有显著的区别，主要表现在种子大小缩小和Lap 1-d等位基因的独特性。

The purpose of this research project is to elucidate the genetic differentiation and structure of population, and to discuss the processes of the domestication and phyletic evolution and the contributions of the wild soybean to them by the accumulation of biochemical, molecular biological and ecological information in genus Glycine subgenus Soja.The summary of results anddiscussions is follows.1. The three types of chloroplast genome could be observed in the Japanse wild soybean population and the phylogeny and evolution of subgenus Soja were examined, based on the differentiation of its chloroplast genome.2. The polymorphism of mitochondria genome could be fond in the wild soybean and the sequences of its variants were determined by the cloning. The processes of evolution in the mitochondria genome were discussed. To examine the relationship of its polymorphism with the domesticated soybean a physical map of the soybean cultivar cold be completed.3. The geographical distribution of allele frequencies, the genetic structure and the phylogeneic variation were made clear in 1053 land races and 447 wild accessions of the Japanese soybean, based on their isozyme genotypes.4. The contents of protein and fat of sed were found to differ markedly among the early Japanese land races of soybean. Especially the extremely early ones could divide clearlyinto the two groups of high protein-low fat and low protein-high fat, and also into high and low oleic acids.5. The two distinct growth forms, namely, the twining and branching, of G.soja clearly represent the reproductive and ecological differentiation in relation to environmental stability.6. The wild soybean of subgenus Soja indigenous to northern Taiwan was distinguished by the reduced seed size and the unique allele of Lap1-d from the G.soja distributed commonly in East Asia.