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A Study of Proceders for Processing Public Opinion in the Edo Bakufu

江户幕府舆情处理者研究

基本信息

批准号：
05610261
负责人：
HIRAKAWA Arata
金额：
$ 0.9万
依托单位：
Tohoku University
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for General Scientific Research (C)
财政年份：
1993
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
1993 至 1994
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

This research examined various types of petitions presented by commoners to the Edo Bakuhu and to Han govermments. The petitions were analyzed for information regarding union and disunion between different regions or social groups, and for information concerming how govermments in this period dealt with petitions. The results were as follows.1.Earlier research has emphasised the despotic and secretive nature of govermment in this period, and that commoners were excluded from the political process. Hawever, petitions surviving from throughout japan include criticisms of current policies in their relevant localities and also include calls for changes of these local policies. This reserch established that, by the eary 18th century, govemments had institutionalised procedures for deciding whether to accept these proposals from commoners.2.This reserch aiso established that the seigneurial class began to actively seek proposals for new policese from commoners from around the middle of the 1 … More 8th century. By around this period, the need to expand the reginal economy and to develop its economic independence had become matters of prime importance to seigneurial class, along with the need to develop new sources of seigneurial income. However, this class was limited in its capability to formulate new policies, and therefore it become not at all unusual for the relere to solicit and acutually adopt policies on civil administration in general, and on the exploitation of the economic potential of specific products.3.At the other end of the scale, this research established that commoners aiso actively sought to present policy altemative to thier rulers. The kind of policy presented ranged from proporsals to regenerate either village or regionl society, through to marketing policies presented by merchants seeking to be granted marketing and other commercial privileges. The motives of people presenting these policies were rooted in a background of the disruption of rural society by a cycle of crop failures and famines on the one hand, and radical changes in the market structure in line with the rapid development of the commercial economy.4.This research also established that independently of the activies of certain individuals in presenting policy proposals, the influence exerted by jinshin (public opinion) on politics in this period also incresed markedly in importance. Less

这项研究考察了平民向江户幕府和汉族政府提出的各种类型的请愿书。对请愿书进行了分析，以获取有关不同地区或社会群体之间的团结和分裂的信息，以及有关这一时期政府如何处理请愿的信息。结果如下：1.早期研究强调这一时期政府的专制和秘密性质，平民被排除在政治进程之外。然而，来自日本各地的请愿书包括对相关地方现行政策的批评，也包括要求改变这些地方政策的呼吁。这项研究表明，到了 18 世纪初期，政府已经制定了制度化的程序来决定是否接受平民的这些建议。 2.这项研究还表明，领主阶级从 1… 更多 8 世纪中叶开始积极向平民寻求新政策的建议。大约在这个时期，扩大地区经济和发展其经济独立的需要以及开发新的领主收入来源的需要已经成为领主阶级最重要的问题。然而，这一阶层制定新政策的能力有限，因此，民众征求并实际采取一般民政管理政策以及开发特定产品经济潜力的政策并不罕见。 3. 另一方面，这项研究表明，平民也积极寻求向统治者提出替代政策。所提出的政策种类繁多，从振兴乡村或地区社会的提案，到寻求获得营销和其他商业特权的商人提出的营销政策。人们提出这些政策的动机，一方面植根于农作物歉收和饥荒循环对农村社会造成破坏的背景，另一方面，随着商业经济的快速发展，市场结构也发生了根本性的变化。 4.这项研究还发现，独立于某些个人提出政策建议的积极性，这一时期的舆论对政治的影响力也显着增加。较少的