Role of chemodiversity in Tanacetum vulgare in interactions with phloem sap feeders and herbivory-pollination trade-offs

在唐乙酸菌中，发现了一种耐人寻味的高度化学多样性。具体地说，不同的化学类型是根据它们的叶萜类化合物轮廓来区分的。在第一阶段，我们的目标是描述化学类型、韧皮部分泌物成分和叶片代谢指纹之间的关系，并用P7研究化学多样性对植物-蚜虫相互作用的影响。化学类型很难反映在韧皮部渗出物的代谢成分中。然而，根据LC-MS的大量卫星代谢物可以很好地区分它们，而母体基因也对化学多样性产生了显著的影响。在一个普通的花园试验中，我们发现了对棉铃虫专化型Uroleucon tanaci产生联合抗性的迹象。麦长管蚜受化学类型和样地类型的影响，并与个体植物化学多样性呈正相关。化学多样性也影响了传粉者和食花者的行为，如P6所示。此外，植物对食草性的反应可能是特定于化学型的，这可能会影响传粉者。然而，这种权衡的性质和后果仍然没有得到很好的研究，特别是关于潜在的代谢机制。在第二个资助期，我们的目标是了解种内化学多样性是否以及如何影响草食性-传粉的权衡(P5和P6将结合在一起)。因此，我们将首先利用GC-MS和LC-MS来检验叶片和花的化学多样性之间的相关性。其次，我们将评估花代谢产物的可塑性，以响应由蚜虫或食花虫施加的草食作用，并依赖于叶片的化学类型。将使用多元统计和机器学习分析来调查这些数据集。此外，我们的代谢数据将用于P10，并提供关于萜类化合物诱导性的相关信息，P2、P4和P8也进行了研究。第三，我们将评估在受控温室和自然田间条件下，对草食的代谢反应对传粉者偏好和植物繁殖性状的影响。为了探索草食性授粉权衡的化学机制，将使用非目标的花化学物质分析和建模。最后，将使用人工杂交来区分化学类型和亲本基因对食草动物和传粉者喜好和食草动物性能的影响。交叉将与COR、P8和P9协调进行，以促进萜类化合物进化和生物合成的计算模型开发。我们还将对化学多样性可塑性实验的主要代谢物进行分析，在该实验中，我们将评估植物对干旱和草食的反应。

Within Tanacetum vulgare, an intriguingly high chemodiversity is found. In particular, different chemotypes are discriminated based on their leaf terpenoid profiles. In the first period, our goal was to characterise the relationship between chemotypes, phloem exudate composition and leaf metabolic fingerprints and we studied with P7 the consequences of chemodiversity on plant-aphid interactions. Chemotypes were hardly mirrored in the metabolic composition of phloem exudates. However, they were well distinguishable based on numerous satellite metabolites by LC-MS, while the maternal genotype also showed a pronounced influence on chemodiversity. In a common garden experiment with homogenous plots (same chemotype) and heterogenous plots (different chemotypes), we found indications for associational resistance towards the aphid specialist Uroleucon tanaceti. Macrosiphoniella tanacetaria aphids were affected by both chemotype and plot-type and showed a positive relationship with individual plant chemodiversity. Chemodiversity also influenced the behaviour of pollinators and florivores, as revealed in P6. Moreover, plant responses to herbivory can be chemotype-specific, which may affect pollinators. Yet, the nature and consequences of such trade-offs remain poorly explored, especially regarding the underlying metabolic mechanisms. In a second funding period, our goal is to understand whether and how intraspecific chemodiversity influences herbivory-pollination trade-offs (P5 and P6 will be combined). Therefore, we will first test for correlations between leaf and flower chemodiversity using GC-MS and LC-MS. Second, we will assess the plasticity of flower metabolites in response to herbivory imposed by aphids or florivores and in dependence of leaf chemotype. Multivariate statistics and machine learning analyses will be used to investigate these datasets. Besides, our metabolic data will be used by P10 and provide relevant information about terpenoid inducibility, also studied in P2, P4 and P8. Third, we will evaluate the consequences of the metabolic responses to herbivory on pollinator preferences and plant reproductive traits in controlled greenhouse and natural field conditions. To explore the chemical mechanisms underlying herbivory-pollination trade-offs, untargeted analysis of flower chemicals and modelling will be employed. Finally, artificial crossings will be used to disentangle the influences of chemotype and parental genotype on herbivore and pollinator preferences and herbivore performance. The crossings will be performed in coordination with COR, P8 and P9 to facilitate computational model development of terpenoid evolution and biosynthesis. We will also perform analyses of primary metabolites for the chemodiversity-plasticity experiment, in which we will evaluate responses of plants to drought and herbivory.