Infant emotional expression and mother-infant emotional communication

1：我们对母婴在家中互动的录像进行了分析，重点是婴儿对她/他的表情的调节是如何通过母亲的行为来影响的。具体地说，当婴儿5个月大的时候，总共有60分钟的家庭互动被录像下来。日本和美国都进行了这类国内观察。到目前为止，我们已经能够确定两个样本之间在母亲情绪反应方面的一些相似趋势。我们的数据表明，母亲是婴儿积极和消极情绪的调节者。同时，研究发现，日本母亲对婴儿的积极、中性和消极情绪反应迟钝的比例高于美国母亲。尽管在这两个样本中，近一半的婴儿的积极表达是由母亲做出的积极反应，但日本婴儿的负面表达很少得到母亲的积极反应。来自日本和美国的11个月大的婴儿参加了旨在产生愤怒、恐惧或惊讶的程序。因此，我们可以比较这些婴儿在不同文化和不同情况下的面部表情。“温和的手臂约束”是发怒的程序。第二个程序是“咆哮的大猩猩头”，这是出于恐惧。“消失的物体”是突袭的程序。我们发现，在这三种情况下，日本婴儿和美国婴儿在任何一种情绪上都没有显著差异。然而，关于幼儿在情绪情境中的应对行为，可以推测，幼儿先前的经历对他们在情绪情境中表现出的应对方式有相当大的影响。

1 : We conducted an analysis of the videorecordings of mother-infant interaction at home focusing on how infant's regulation of her/his expressions is enculturated through the mother's behavior. Specifically, a total 60 minutes interactios in the home was videorecorded when the infant was 5 month old. Home observations of this kind were conducted both in Japan and the United States. To date, we have been able to identify some trends towards similarities in maternal emotional response beween the two samples. Our data suggest mother's role of modulator of infant's positive and negative emotions. At the same time, it was found that the proportions of the Japanese mother's non-response to infant's positive, neutral and negative expressions are higher than those of the American counterpart. Although nearly half of the infant's positive expressions is responded positively by the mother in both samples, Japanese infants' negative expressions are rarely responded by their mothers' positive expressions.11 month old infants from Japan and the United States participated in procedures designed to produce either anger, fear or surprise. We can thus compare these infants' facial expressions both across cultures and across situations. "Gentle arm restraint" is the procedure for anger. The second procedure is "Growling gorilla head" and is for fear. "Vanishing object" is the procedure for surprise. We found no significant differences between the Japanese and the American babies for any of the emotions in any of the three situations. However, regarding the coping behaviors of the infants in the emotion situations, it can be speculated that the preceding experiences of the infants exert considerable influence on the style of coping they show in the emotion situations.