Infant emotional expression and mother-infant emotional communication

一曰：我们进行了一项分析的视频记录的母亲和婴儿在家里的互动，重点是如何婴儿的调节她/他的表情是通过母亲的行为。具体来说，当婴儿5个月大时，在家中总共60分钟的互动被录像。日本和美国都进行了此类家庭观察。到目前为止，我们已经能够确定一些趋势的相似之处，在两个样本之间的母亲的情绪反应。我们的数据表明，母亲的调制器的作用，婴儿的积极和消极的情绪。与此同时，研究发现，日本母亲对婴儿的积极、中性和消极表达的不反应比例高于美国母亲。虽然近一半的婴儿的积极的表达是积极的母亲在这两个样本，日本婴儿的负面表达很少回应他们的母亲的积极表达。11个月大的婴儿从日本和美国参加了旨在产生愤怒，恐惧或惊喜的程序。因此，我们可以比较这些婴儿的面部表情在不同文化和不同情况下。“温和的手臂约束”是愤怒的程序。第二个程序是“咆哮的大猩猩头”，是为了恐惧。“消失的物体”是突袭的程序。我们发现，在这三种情况下，日本婴儿和美国婴儿的情绪都没有显著差异。然而，关于婴儿在情绪情境中的应对行为，可以推测，婴儿的先前经验对其在情绪情境中表现出的应对方式有相当大的影响。

1 : We conducted an analysis of the videorecordings of mother-infant interaction at home focusing on how infant's regulation of her/his expressions is enculturated through the mother's behavior. Specifically, a total 60 minutes interactios in the home was videorecorded when the infant was 5 month old. Home observations of this kind were conducted both in Japan and the United States. To date, we have been able to identify some trends towards similarities in maternal emotional response beween the two samples. Our data suggest mother's role of modulator of infant's positive and negative emotions. At the same time, it was found that the proportions of the Japanese mother's non-response to infant's positive, neutral and negative expressions are higher than those of the American counterpart. Although nearly half of the infant's positive expressions is responded positively by the mother in both samples, Japanese infants' negative expressions are rarely responded by their mothers' positive expressions.11 month old infants from Japan and the United States participated in procedures designed to produce either anger, fear or surprise. We can thus compare these infants' facial expressions both across cultures and across situations. "Gentle arm restraint" is the procedure for anger. The second procedure is "Growling gorilla head" and is for fear. "Vanishing object" is the procedure for surprise. We found no significant differences between the Japanese and the American babies for any of the emotions in any of the three situations. However, regarding the coping behaviors of the infants in the emotion situations, it can be speculated that the preceding experiences of the infants exert considerable influence on the style of coping they show in the emotion situations.