Socialization of Emotion and Development of Behavior Regulation: US-Japan Comparison.

1. 情绪发展表现在面部和行为表情上，受到许多社会和个人因素的影响。其中包括母婴情感互动——母亲向婴儿展示的情感类型以及她如何回应婴儿不断变化的表情——以及婴儿的气质。作为阐明这一问题的第一步，在札幌以48名健康婴儿为研究对象，对出生后的头12个月进行了纵向数据收集。到目前为止，我们的数据表明，母亲在与婴儿互动时的情绪沟通方式可能与12个月婴儿情绪表达强度的个体差异有关。此外，对婴儿在新情境中的行为抑制倾向与在各种情感诱发情境中的表达性反应之间的关系的研究表明，婴儿气质倾向的这一方面在情感发展中起着重要作用。通过对婴儿5月龄时母婴互动的分析发现，母亲很少对婴儿的消极情绪做出消极的反应，而通过表达明确的积极或好玩的情感来鼓励婴儿的积极情绪。我们将考察美日两国母亲情感交流方式的异同。实验室观察的初步结果表明，在禁止23个月大的婴儿触摸有吸引力的物体时，日本母亲似乎更不愿意使用严厉的语气，更不愿意使用语言。

1. Mmotional development as manifested in facial and behavioral expressions is influenced by a number of social and individual factors. Among them ara mother-infant emotional interaction -- what types of emotions the mother displays to the infant and how she responds to the infant's changing expressions -- and the infant's temperament. As a first step to elucidate this issue, a longitudinal data collection was carried out in Sapporo for the first 12 months of life with 48 healthy infants as the subjects. So far, our data indicate the possibility that mother's style of emotional communication in interacting with her infant is related to the individual differences in the intensity of emotional expressions in infants at 12 months. Moreover, examination of the relationships between the infant's tendency to behavioral inhibition in novel situations and expressive responses in a variety of affect-eliciting situations suggests that this aspect of the infant's temperamental dispositions plays a significant role inemotional development.2. Analysis of the mother-infant interaction at 5 months of infant' age reveals that the mother seldom responds negatively to her infant's negative emotion, while encouraging infant's positive emotion by expressing clearly positive or playful affect. We are to examine both differences and similarities in the mother's mode of emotional communication between US and Japan.3. Preliminary findings from lab observations demonstrate that the Japanese mother seems to be more inhibited to use harsh tone of voice and less verbal when prohibiting her 23 months old infant from touching attractive objects.