Socialization of Emotion in Infancy : US-Japan Comparative Study

探索日本和美国婴儿时期的基本情绪是如何社会化的，这是理解这两个截然不同的文化中人格发展的不同过程的关键。虽然在美国5岁的样本中，用来引发愤怒的手臂约束程序成功地引发了愤怒，但同样的程序并没有在日本婴儿中引发愤怒。在日本婴儿中，只有7%的人观察到愤怒的面部表情，而在美国婴儿中，这一比例为54%。另一方面，日本和美国12个月大的婴儿表现出类似比例的愤怒表情(超过70%)。此外，与美国婴儿相比，5个月大的日本婴儿产生负面情绪的时间要长得多。然而，日本12个月大的婴儿感到痛苦的速度与美国婴儿一样快，甚至更快。因此，在5个月时发现的文化差异在12个月时似乎消失了。这些发现反映了一个有趣的交互…更多的是文化因素和发展因素之间的关系。为什么日本婴儿在12个月大的时候会如此心烦意乱？据推测，这种变化与自己产生的运动有关，这种运动可能会让婴儿产生比运动前5个月大的婴儿更强烈的自我意识。这个变量可能会与日本婴儿护理的另一个方面AMAE相互作用，产生一个当S/他感觉到她/他的意愿受挫时，可能会比美国婴儿更难过的婴儿。日本和美国的母亲和23个月大的婴儿在实验室里被观察到，这代表着两国文化中的公共纪律。我们的分析重点是实验室中关于控制和遵从性的一组假设。我们的研究结果表明，与美国母亲相比，日本母亲在禁止自己的孩子时不太可能表现出负面影响，而且前者似乎不那么坚持立即满足他们的要求。尽管日本母亲似乎比美国母亲更宽容或宽容，但与美国孩子相比，他们的孩子总体上同样遵守。较少

To explore how the basic emotions are socialized in infancy in Japan and the US is a key to understand the differential course of personality development in the two contrasting cultures.1. Although the arm restraint procedure for eliciting anger was successful in eliciting anger in the US 5-year-old sample, the same procedure did not elicit anger in the Japanese infants. Only 7% of anger facial expression components were observed in Japanese infants, compared to 54% in US babies. On the other hand, the Japanese and US 12-month-olds showed similar proportion of anger facial expression (over 70%). Moreover, the 5-month-old Japanese infants took considerably longer to produce anegative affect expression than did the American counterparts. However, the Japanese 12-month-olds became distressed as quickly or even more quickly than the American counterparts. Thus the cultural difference found at 5 months seems to disappear by 12 months of age. These findings reflect an interesting interaction … More between cultural and developmental factors. Why do Japanese infants get so upset when they are 12 month old?It is speculated that the change has to do with self-produced locomotion that might create in infants a much stronger sense of self as a physical agent than exists in a pre-locomotory 5-month-old. This variable may interact with another aspect of Japanese infant care, AMAE, to produce an infant who may get even more upset than American infants do when s/he perceives her/his will as being thwarted.2. Mother and 23-month-olds in Japan and the US were observed in a lab setting representing a public setting for discipline in both cultures. Focus of our analysis was on a set of hypotheses regarding control and compliance in the lab. Our findings suggest that Japanese mothers are less likely than American mothers to express negative affect when prohibiting their children, and that the former appear less insistent on achieving immediate compliance with their requests. Although Japanese mothers appear to be more lenient or permissive than American mothers, their children are equally to comply overall compared with American children. Less