Animal husbandry in crisis? Archaeozoology of late Latène cultural developments between the Danube region and the Inn Valley

畜牧业陷入危机？

• 批准号: 433366418
• 负责人: Dr. Simon Trixl
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Arbeitsstelle Osteologie
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 资助国家: 德国
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/433366418?language=en
• 关键词: Animal; husbandry; crisis; Archaeozoology; late

At the end of the 2nd century BC, the Oppida Civilisation had achieved a level of urbanisation and economic prosperity unseen before in Central Europe. For the northern Alpine Foreland, this system´s socio-economic collapse in the 1st half of the 1st century BC reflects a major break with previous cultural achievements. For the moment, however, the reasons for the upheavals are not well understood. Conceivably, a major role in the process is played by the Southeast Bavarian Group, a community that assumedly emigrated from the Central German Uplands to today´s Southern Bavaria. State-of-the-art research presumes that during the period succeeding the abandonment of the oppida, this group coexisted with the remaining autochthonous population. South of it in the Alps, the Fritzens-Sanzeno Culture was located. Although some observations hint at socio-economic changes in the Alps as well, this region seems far less affected by the aforementioned turmoil.Despite the crucial role played by animal husbandry in pre-modern subsistence strategies, the effects of the final La Tène crisis on livestock keeping and breeding have never been investigated so far. The present project aims to close this research gap through the archaeozoological investigation of animal bone assemblages from 11 sites associated with the Southeast Bavarian Group, the Fritzens-Sanzeno Culture and the Oppida Civilisation (c. 25.000 specimens). Based on this dataset, the following working hypotheses will be tested: (1) Since the Alpine foreland was simultaneously inhabited by the Southeast Bavarian Group as well as the remaining autochthonous population, different economic systems coexisted in this area. (2) In the course of the 1st century BC, processes of acculturation occurred between the two systems. (3) The critical socio-economic developments marking the end of the Oppida Civilisation caused a decline in agricultural productivity. (4) For reasons of ecogeography, Alpine Iron Age subsistence strategies differed from those practiced in the northern Alpine foreland. Nonetheless, slight economic changes can be expected for the Fritzens-Sanzeno Culture as well. (5) Given the continuity in the Late Iron Age-Early Roman occupation of the northern Alpine Foreland, regional variations in final La Tène animal husbandry resulted in distinct subsistence signatures across the Roman Province of Raetia. In addition to the osteometric and morphological approaches, stable isotope analysis will be applied to trace translocated animals introduced by the Southeast Bavarian Group. Since a detailed chronology of the sites considered here is crucial for clarifying the aforementioned issues, special attention must be paid to systematic 14C-dating, which will also contribute verifying and complementing the results obtained by typo-chronological methods. Against this background, the proposed study will also offer a valuable contribution to debates about the chronology of the Iron Age in Central Europe.

公元前2世纪末，奥皮达文明达到了中欧前所未见的城市化和经济繁荣水平。对于阿尔卑斯北部地区，公元前1世纪上半叶，这一体系的社会经济崩溃反映了与先前文化成就的重大突破。然而，就目前而言，这些动荡的原因还没有得到很好的理解。可以想象，东南巴伐利亚群体在这一过程中发挥了重要作用，这个群体可能是从德国中部高地移民到今天的巴伐利亚南部的。最先进的研究推测，在阿皮达人被遗弃后的一段时间里，这一群体与剩余的本土种群共存。弗里岑-桑芝诺文化位于其南边的阿尔卑斯山。虽然一些观察也暗示了阿尔卑斯山的社会经济变化，但该地区似乎远没有受到上述动荡的影响。尽管畜牧业在前现代生存策略中发挥了至关重要的作用，但到目前为止，尚未对最后的La t<e:1>危机对牲畜饲养和繁殖的影响进行过调查。目前的项目旨在通过对11个遗址的动物骨骼组合进行考古调查，这些遗址与东南巴伐利亚群体、弗里岑-桑泽诺文化和奥皮达文明（约25000个标本）有关，从而缩小这一研究差距。基于此数据集，本文将对以下工作假设进行检验：(1)由于东南巴伐利亚族群和剩余土著人口同时居住在阿尔卑斯前陆，因此不同的经济体系在该地区共存。(2)在公元前1世纪的过程中，两个系统之间发生了文化适应过程。(3)标志着奥皮达文明终结的关键社会经济发展导致了农业生产力的下降。(4)由于生态地理的原因，高寒铁器时代的生存策略与北部高寒前陆不同。尽管如此，弗里岑-桑芝诺文化也可能出现轻微的经济变化。(5)考虑到铁器时代晚期和罗马占领阿尔卑斯北部前陆的连续性，最终La t<e:1>地区畜牧业的区域差异导致了Raetia罗马省不同的生存特征。除了骨测量和形态学方法外，稳定同位素分析将用于追踪东南巴伐利亚群引入的易位动物。由于这里所考虑的遗址的详细年表对于澄清上述问题至关重要，因此必须特别注意系统的14c定年，这也将有助于验证和补充通过印刷年表方法获得的结果。在此背景下，这项研究也将为中欧铁器时代的年表争论提供有价值的贡献。