The Foundations of Ethics in Western Medieval Thought

这个研究项目的目的是追踪伦理学基础的发展路线，从古代晚期的基督教思想传统，通过修道院神学和早期经院哲学，然后强调高级经院哲学，并以中世纪晚期结束;进而分析这些伦理观念的各种类型的结构，最后，以澄清其来源以及其时代心态的根源。按照个人研究与群体研究相结合的研究方案，该项目以中世纪重要思想家为研究对象，考察他们各种伦理观的核心特征和基本概念，追溯到他们的人类学和本体论前提，从而成功地展示了中世纪理论哲学与实践哲学的根本统一。一般善与 关于我们 人的善、个人的实现与社会的共同善、人的本性与道德法则、人的幸福与宗教命运、伦理的客观规范与认识方式、伦理对象的结构与自由选择的本质、正义与爱作为基本伦理价值等构成了中世纪伦理思想的共同视域，但在它们的解决方式和相互关系中，可以看出它们的伦理基础有以下几种广泛不同的类型：1。坎特伯雷的安瑟伦从自由意志的分析出发的不确定性和形式主义的伦理学，2。彼得·阿伯拉尔的存在主义方法，基于神圣的法律，3。克莱尔沃的伯恩哈德的人际伦理学，强调优雅的功能，以及艾尔雷德或里沃的友谊之爱理论框架下的伦理学概念，4。新柏拉图式的，道德的解释性概念作为精神完美的方式，在学校的圣维克多，5。基督为中心的伦理体系，由文德，6开发。托马斯阿奎那将伦理学作为一门科学的基础，其基础是亚里士多德的伦理学与神学人类学的整合。基本伦理学作为一门独立的实践科学的概念，正如在Duns Scotus，8中所看到的那样。对道德问题的知性主义本体论探索，见Meister Eckhart，9。奥卡姆试图在非功利主义的、以神为中心的唯名论的基础上重建伦理学的基础。少

The aim of this research project has been to trace the lines of development of the foundations of ethics, from the tradition of christian thought in late antiquity, through monastic theology and early scholasticism, emphasizing, then, high scholasticism, and concluding with the late middle ages; further, to analyze the structures of the various types of these ethical conceptions, and, finally, to clarify their sources as well as their roots in the mentality of their times. According to a research plan which combined individual and group research, the project concentrated on the important thinkers of the middle ages and investigated the central features and fundamental concepts of their various conceptions of ethics, tracing them back to their anthropological and ontological presuppositions, and, thus, succeeded to show tha fundamental unity of theoretical and practical philosophy in the middle ages.Under systematical aspects, the problems of the relation between goodness in general and … More human goodness, personal fulfillment and the common good of society, man's nature and moral law, man's happiness and his religious destiny, the objective norms of ethics and the ways of knowing them, the structure of the ethical object and the essence of free choice, justice and love as the fundamental ethical values etc. constitute a common horizon of the ethical thought of the middle ages, but in the ways of their solution and interrelation, the following widely differing types of their faundations of ethics have been discerned: 1. the immanent and formalistic ethics of Anselm of Canterbury, starting from an analysis of free will, 2. the existential approach of Peter Abelard, based on divine law, 3. the interpersonal ethics of Bernhard of Clairvaux, stressing the function of grace, and the conception of ethics in the framework of a theory of love of friendship in Aelred or Rievaulx, 4. the neoplatonic, contemplative conception of ethics as the way to spiritual perfection, in the school of St-Victor, 5. the christocentric ethical system, as developed by Bonaventure, 6. the foundation of ethics as a science in Thomas Aquinas, resting on the integration of Aristotle's ethics with theological anthropology, 7. the conception of fundamental ethics as an independent practical science, as it can be seen in Duns Scotus, 8. the intellectualist, ontological exploration of ethical problems in Meister Eckhart, 9. the attempt of restructuring the foundations of ethics on the basis of a voluntarist, theocentric nominalism, in William Occam. Less