Bidirectional Influences Between Adolescent Social Media Use and Mental Health

项目总结 在美国，从2012年到2018年，青少年的孤独感增加了100%，从18%增加到37%。同时， 社交媒体的使用量急剧增长。2022年，青少年报告经常上网的频率是前者的两倍 与2014-2015年相比，95%的美国青少年使用YouTube，67%的TikTok，62%的Instagram和59% Snapchat。然而，很少有研究调查这两种趋势之间的关系。孤独是一种 心理和身体问题的风险因素与生物相关的长期健康影响 机制，包括应激反应。大规模队列研究报告称，上网时间是 与青少年的孤独感呈正相关，上网时间取代了面对面的社交时间 与同龄人互动。在成年人中，面对面的社交互动与更高的幸福感有关 在线交流。然而，我们不知道这种联系在青少年中有多大程度的相似 人口。此外，之前的措施主要是基于自我报告的不适和屏幕时间。 因此，现在迫切需要确定面对面和在线社交在多大程度上可以预测 使用客观指标将青少年孤独感作为心理健康问题的风险因素。我们的长- 学期目标是确定哪些社交媒体体验有助于青少年的心理健康， 幸福的，欣欣向荣的定义为幸福、兴旺和繁荣的存在使用密集的纵向混合- 方法设计，生物标记物知情，我们将解决以下目标： 1.量化线上线下的短期和长期双向关系 孤独感与心理健康的交互作用。EMA和跟踪数据将收集两周 个人和背景因素将通过基线调查进行评估。相同 参与者将在一年后接受跟踪，以确定对孤独的长期影响，社交媒体 使用、精神疾病和健康，以及韧性。 2.通过收集以下信息来评估目标1中短期和长期量化结果的有效性 关于在线/离线社交交互之间的双向关系的定性数据24， 孤独感和幸福感，通过在每个定量数据分析阶段之后运行焦点小组来实现。 3.利用头发皮质醇浓度测试“数字生物标记物”的可行性和实用性。 肝细胞癌已越来越多地被用作压力的客观指标。孤独是一种体验 压力源，我们将确定数字足迹和孤独在多大程度上相关 青少年肝细胞癌。 1

PROJECT SUMMARY In the U.S., adolescents' loneliness increased 100%, from 18% to 37% from 2012 to 2018. Meanwhile, social media use has grown sharply. In 2022, adolescents reported being constantly online twice as often compared to 2014-15, with 95 % of U.S. teens using YouTube, 67% TikTok, 62% Instagram, and 59% Snapchat. However, little research investigated the relationship between the two trends. Loneliness is a risk factor for psychological and physical problems with long-term health effects related to biological mechanisms, including stress response. Large-scale cohort studies reported that online time was positively associated with adolescents' loneliness and that online time displaced time for in-person social interaction with peers. In adults, in-person social interactions are associated with higher well-being than online communication. However, we do not know to what extent this link is similar in the adolescent population. Also, previous measures were mainly based on self-reports of ill-being and screen time. Hence, it is now urgent to establish to what extent in-person and online social interactions predict adolescents' loneliness as a risk factor for mental health problems, using objective indicators. Our long- term goal is to determine which social media experiences promote adolescents' mental well-being, defined as the presence of happiness, thriving, and flourishing. Using an intensive longitudinal mixed- method design, biomarker-informed, we will address the following aims: 1. Quantify the short- and long- term bi-directional relationships between online/offline interaction on loneliness and mental well-being. EMAs and trace data will be collected for 2 weeks and individual and contextual factors will be assessed through a baseline survey. The same participants will be followed up after 1 year to determine long-term effects on loneliness, social media use, mental ill- and well- being, and resilience. 2. Assess the validity of the short- and long-term quantitative findings in Aim 1 by collecting qualitative data24 on the bi-directional relationships between online/offline social interactions, loneliness, and well-being, by running focus groups after each quantitative data analysis phase. 3. Test the feasibility and utility of a “digital biomarker” using hair cortisol concentration (HCC). HCC has been increasingly used as an objective indicator of stress. Loneliness is experienced as a stressor, and we will determine to what extent digital footprints and loneliness correlate with adolescents' HCC. 1