The Historical Sociological Study of Law for Graves and Ancestor Worship

林山(奈良：Yamabe-gan Tsuge-Mura)是一个分布着双重墓地制度(RYOUBOSEI)的地区。在林山，埋葬遗体的墓地(UME-Baka)根据死者的年龄等级按比例进行划分。建造石塔的墓地(Mairi-Baka)与家庭被分割为一个单元。在村庄社区的中心有一个神社，它是共同宗教服务(社区-节日-仪式)的中心。神道神社避免了死神的玷污，送葬队伍不能从神道神社前经过。此外，在人们悼念死者的期间(一年)，人们不能参拜神社和参加节日仪式。家庭是死者宗教仪式的支持者，Mairi-Baka(石塔墓地)是死者宗教仪式(祖先崇拜)的设施。Hayama的墓地是所谓的公共场所(IRIAITI)，只有村里的正式成员才有墓地的使用资格(墓地的使用权)。墓地被重复使用，旧遗骸被挖出来重新埋葬。此外，旧的石塔(墓)被收集起来，当墓地里堆满了大量的坟墓时，正在建造一座新的塔(墓)。这一地区的第一种墓葬形式是村民死亡的普通石山。它建于中世纪的EIROKU时期(1558-1570)。近代早期(1615-1647年)，民间出现了为个人修建坟墓的现象。这一时期还出现了一座夫妻的坟墓。家族坟墓(Family[IE]-Grave)是20世纪在这一地区出现的。现代出现了家族墓地，但仍保留着传统和古老家庭的形象。

Hayama (Nara : Yamabe-gun Tsuge-mura) is a region where the double cemeteries system (RYOUBOSEI) is distributed. The burial ground (UME-BAKA) where remains are buried, in Hayama, is divided in proportion to the age-class of the dead. The graveyard (MAIRI-BAKA) where is build the stony tower is divided as a unit with the family. There is a Shinto shrine in the center of village-community, and it is the center of common religious service (community-festival-rite). The Shinto shrine avoid the defilement of the death, and the funeral procession cannot pass in front of the Shinto shrine. Moreover, for the period (one year) when people go into the mourning for the dead, people cannot visit to the Shinto shrine and take part in the festival-rite. The group which is the supporter of the dead religious service is family, and MAIRI-BAKA (stony tower grave) are facilities for the dead religious service (ancestor worship).The graveyard in Hayama is so-called common ground (IRIAITI) and only the formal constituent member in the village has the use qualification of the graveyard (use right of graveyard). The burial ground is used repeatedly, and old remains are dug up and are reburied. Moreover, the old stony towers (graves) is collected and is build a new tower (grave) when the cemetery become to full with the plenty of graves.The first form of grave in this region was a common stone mounment of the dead of villagers. This was built in EIROKU-period (1558-1570) of the Middle Ages. The building of the grave for individual appeared in the common people in the early modern age (1615-1647). A grave for man and wife also appears in this time. The form of the grave of family (family [IE] -grave) appeared in this region in the 20th century. A family- grave appeared at modern ages though the image of a traditional and old family (IE) adhered.