RP8: Implicit cognitions, use expectancies, and gratification in social-networks-use disorder and tobacco use disorder

像Facebook或Instagram这样的社交网络被广泛使用。随着游戏障碍在ICD-11中作为成瘾行为引起的障碍的纳入，社交网络的问题使用被讨论为互联网使用障碍的另一种具体类型。I-PACE（人-情感-认知-执行的相互作用）模型提供了一个理论框架，描述了可能涉及成瘾行为发展和维持的关键概念及其相互作用。内隐认知，如与自动加工和接近倾向相关的内隐联想，可能会通过加剧目标导向的抑制过程而超越控制系统。使用预期是指关于药物摄入或特定行为的具体影响的主观想法。这些预期可能是显性或隐性的，并且可能基于潜在的认知过程。在经历了积极的结果之后，这可能会导致积极的（内隐的）联想，以及主观需求的满足和补偿的体验。研究已经证明了内隐认知在物质使用障碍中的相关性（例如，烟草使用障碍），以及游戏障碍和电子游戏使用障碍。然而，研究社会网络使用障碍的内隐认知缺乏。此外，有实证证据强调烟草使用障碍和社交网络使用障碍的使用预期的相关性，但没有研究调查潜在的相互作用与内隐认知和满足和/或补偿的经验。本研究旨在探讨1）面对成瘾相关刺激时的内隐认知，2）使用在线社交网络时的满足和补偿体验，3）社交网络使用障碍和烟草使用障碍中的使用期望的相关性。这将是第一个比较社交网络使用障碍和烟草使用障碍的个人。该项目将包括四个群体：1）社交网络使用障碍，2）危险使用社交网络，3）无问题使用社交网络，以及4）烟草使用障碍的个人。除了调查和结构化访谈的诊断和实验和神经心理学任务的核心电池，内隐联想测试与成瘾相关的刺激和在线应用程序的数据跟踪评估满意度和补偿后两周内将管理。主要研究问题与RP 7密切相关，RP 7调查酒精使用障碍，游戏障碍和赌博障碍的个体的内隐认知，RP 5还将解决社交网络使用障碍和购买购物障碍的内隐关联。

Social networks like Facebook or Instagram are widely used. With the inclusion of gaming disorder in the ICD-11 as a disorder due to addictive behaviors, the problematic use of social networks is discussed as one further specific type of Internet use disorders. The I-PACE (Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution) model provides a theoretical framework describing key concepts and their interactions likely involved in the development and maintenance of addictive behaviors. Implicit cognitions such as implicit associations linked to automatic processing and approach tendencies may override the control system by exacerbating goal-directed inhibitory processes. Use expectancies refer to subjective thoughts regarding concrete effects of drug intake or of a specific behavior. These expectancies might be experienced explicitly or implicitly and are likely based on underlying cognitive processes. After experiencing positive outcomes, this could result in positive (implicit) associations and in the experience of gratification and compensation of subjective needs. Studies have already demonstrated the relevance of implicit cognitions in substance-use disorders (e.g., tobacco-use disorder), as well as in gaming disorder and pornography-use disorder. However, studies investigating implicit cognitions in social-networks-use disorder are lacking. Furthermore, there is empirical evidence underlining the relevance of use expectancies in tobacco-use disorder and social-networks-use disorder, but no research has investigated potential interactions with implicit cognitions and the experience of gratification and/or compensation. This project aims at investigating the relevance of 1) implicit cognitions upon confrontation with addiction-related stimuli, 2) the experiences of gratification and compensation when using online social networks, and 3) use expectancies in social-networks-use disorder and tobacco-use disorder. It will be the first to compare individuals with social-networks-use disorder and individuals with tobacco-use disorder. The project will include four groups: individuals with 1) social-networks-use disorder, 2) risky use of social networks, 3) non-problematic use of social networks, and 4) tobacco-use disorder. Besides the surveys and structured interviews for the diagnostics and the experimental and neuropsychological tasks of the core battery, an Implicit Association Test with addiction-related stimuli and an online application for data-tracking assessing gratification and compensation within the two weeks after assessment will be administered. The main research question is strongly linked to RP7 investigating implicit cognitions in individuals with alcohol-use disorder, gaming disorder, and gambling disorder, and RP5, which will also address implicit associations in social-networks-use disorder and buying-shopping disorder.