RP3: Appetitive extinction deficits and the risk of developing pornography-use disorder and gaming disorder

食欲条件反射和消退过程被认为是成瘾行为发展、维持和恢复的重要组成部分。在成瘾的发展过程中，以前的中性刺激通过巴甫洛夫条件反射与药物的摄取或成瘾行为有关。成瘾相关联系的学习和再学习可以通过食欲条件作用实验来研究，该实验包括条件作用阶段、消退学习阶段和消退测试阶段。在条件反射阶段，一个条件线索(CS+)被重复地与奖赏的、非条件的刺激(UCS)配对，而另一个刺激(CS-)则预测奖赏的缺失。经过几次试验，CS+可引起比CS-更高的条件性反应，如皮肤电导增加或神经反应。CS+的这种食欲与眼眶前额叶皮质对刺激的反应有关，而杏仁核通常与联结的形成有关，伏隔核被认为在奖赏预期中起着关键作用。在消退学习过程中，CS+和CS-被反复呈现而不存在条件反应，导致条件性反应的减少，最终导致消退学习结束时CS+和CS-没有显著差异。在一定的时间间隔后，通过消退测试阶段来探讨消退学习的成功与否。本研究检验了危险或病态色情、危险或病理性使用游戏的个体在消退学习和消退测试中是否表现出成瘾特异性缺陷。到目前为止，还没有在色情使用障碍和游戏障碍的背景下进行关于灭绝过程的实验。这种比较特别有意义，因为它可以评估初级和次级加固的影响。将包括五组人：1)病理性色情使用，2)危险色情使用，3)病态游戏，4)危险游戏，5)没有问题的使用色情和游戏。神经活动的差异将在两组之间进行比较。在第一天，将进行食欲条件反射任务和消退学习任务(均在功能磁共振期间)。一周后，参与者将进行灭绝测试。此RP与RP2、RP4和RP6共享常见的研究问题。虽然其他RPS主要关注相关刺激材料的反应和处理，但RP3通过分析这些障碍通过(受干扰的)消退过程的维持来扩展这一观点。

Appetitive conditioning and extinction processes are considered to be important components for the development, maintenance, and recovery of addictive behaviors. During the development of an addiction, formerly neutral stimuli are associated with the drug intake or with the addictive behavior through Pavlovian conditioning. The learning and relearning of addiction-related associations can be studied by appetititve conditioning experiments which comprise a conditioning phase, an extinction learning phase and an extinction test phase. During the conditioning phase, one conditioned cue (CS+) is repeatedly paired with a rewarding, unconditioned stimulus (UCS), while another stimulus (CS-) predicts the absence of reward. After a few trials, the CS+ elicits higher conditioned responses than the CS-, such as increased skin conductance or neural responses. This appetitive value of the CS+ is associated with orbitofrontal cortex reactivity towards the stimulus, while the amygdala is often linked to the formation of associations, and the nucleus accumbens is considered to play a pivotal role in reward anticipation. During the process of extinction learning, the CS+ and CS- are repeatedly presented without the UCS, resulting in a decrease in conditioned responses, and finally leads to the result that the CS+ and CS- do not differ significantly at the end of extinction learning. After a certain time interval, the success of extinction learning is probed by means of an extinction test phase.In the present study, the hypothesis is tested whether individuals suffering from risky or pathological pornography-use or from risky or pathological use of games show addiction-specific deficits in extinction learning and extinction test. To date, no experiments addressing extinction processes in the context of pornography use disorder and gaming disorder have been conducted. This comparison is of particular interest because it allows to evaluate the impact of primary and secondary reinforcers.Five groups will be included: individuals with 1) pathological pornography use, 2) risky pornography use, 3) pathological gaming, 4) risky gaming, and 5) unproblematic use of pornography and games. Differences in neural activity will be compared between the groups. During day 1, the appetitive conditioning task and the extinction learning task (both during fMRI) will be conducted. One week later, participants will perform the extinction test. This RP shares common research questions with RP2, RP4, and RP6. While the other RPs mainly focus on responses and processing of the relevant stimulus material, the RP3 extends this view by analyzing the maintenance of these disorders through (disturbed) extinction processes.