RP3: Appetitive extinction deficits and the risk of developing pornography-use disorder and gaming disorder

RP3：食欲消退缺陷以及出现色情使用障碍和游戏障碍的风险

• 批准号: 444977123
• 负责人: Professor Dr. Tim Klucken
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Professur für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Units
• 资助国家: 德国
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/444977123?language=en
• 关键词: RP3; Appetitive; extinction; deficits; risk

Appetitive conditioning and extinction processes are considered to be important components for the development, maintenance, and recovery of addictive behaviors. During the development of an addiction, formerly neutral stimuli are associated with the drug intake or with the addictive behavior through Pavlovian conditioning. The learning and relearning of addiction-related associations can be studied by appetititve conditioning experiments which comprise a conditioning phase, an extinction learning phase and an extinction test phase. During the conditioning phase, one conditioned cue (CS+) is repeatedly paired with a rewarding, unconditioned stimulus (UCS), while another stimulus (CS-) predicts the absence of reward. After a few trials, the CS+ elicits higher conditioned responses than the CS-, such as increased skin conductance or neural responses. This appetitive value of the CS+ is associated with orbitofrontal cortex reactivity towards the stimulus, while the amygdala is often linked to the formation of associations, and the nucleus accumbens is considered to play a pivotal role in reward anticipation. During the process of extinction learning, the CS+ and CS- are repeatedly presented without the UCS, resulting in a decrease in conditioned responses, and finally leads to the result that the CS+ and CS- do not differ significantly at the end of extinction learning. After a certain time interval, the success of extinction learning is probed by means of an extinction test phase.In the present study, the hypothesis is tested whether individuals suffering from risky or pathological pornography-use or from risky or pathological use of games show addiction-specific deficits in extinction learning and extinction test. To date, no experiments addressing extinction processes in the context of pornography use disorder and gaming disorder have been conducted. This comparison is of particular interest because it allows to evaluate the impact of primary and secondary reinforcers.Five groups will be included: individuals with 1) pathological pornography use, 2) risky pornography use, 3) pathological gaming, 4) risky gaming, and 5) unproblematic use of pornography and games. Differences in neural activity will be compared between the groups. During day 1, the appetitive conditioning task and the extinction learning task (both during fMRI) will be conducted. One week later, participants will perform the extinction test. This RP shares common research questions with RP2, RP4, and RP6. While the other RPs mainly focus on responses and processing of the relevant stimulus material, the RP3 extends this view by analyzing the maintenance of these disorders through (disturbed) extinction processes.

食欲调节和消退过程被认为是成瘾行为的发展、维持和恢复的重要组成部分。在成瘾的发展过程中，以前的中性刺激与药物摄入或通过巴甫洛夫条件反射的成瘾行为有关。成瘾相关关联的学习和再学习可以通过食欲调节实验来研究，该实验包括调节阶段、消退学习阶段和消退测试阶段。在调节阶段，一个条件提示（CS+）与奖励性非条件刺激（UCS）重复配对，而另一种刺激（CS-）则预测奖励的缺乏。经过几次试验后，CS+ 比 CS- 引发更高的条件反应，例如增加皮肤电导或神经反应。 CS+ 的这种食欲值与眶额皮层对刺激的反应性有关，而杏仁核通常与关联的形成有关，而伏隔核被认为在奖励预期中发挥着关键作用。在消退学习过程中，CS+和CS-在没有UCS的情况下重复出现，导致条件反应减少，最终导致消退学习结束时CS+和CS-没有显着差异。经过一定的时间间隔后，通过消退测试阶段来探讨消退学习的成功与否。在本研究中，我们检验了这一假设：遭受危险或病态色情使用或危险或病态游戏使用的个体是否在消退学习和消退测试中表现出成瘾特异性缺陷。迄今为止，还没有进行过针对色情使用障碍和游戏障碍背景下的灭绝过程的实验。这种比较特别有趣，因为它可以评估主要和次要强化物的影响。将包括五组：具有以下特征的个人：1）病态色情内容使用，2）有风险的色情内容使用，3）病态游戏，4）有风险的游戏，以及5）无问题地使用色情内容和游戏。将比较各组之间神经活动的差异。在第一天，将进行食欲调节任务和消退学习任务（均在功能磁共振成像期间）。一周后，参与者将进行消光测试。该 RP 与 RP2、RP4 和 RP6 共享共同的研究问题。虽然其他 RP 主要关注相关刺激材料的反应和处理，但 RP3 通过分析（受干扰的）消退过程对这些疾病的维持来扩展了这一观点。