Design model for the calculation of product-service systems in single and small batch production

单批和小批量生产的特点是复杂的增值过程和服务，这些产品是根据个别客户的要求以小批量到独特的产品生产的。特别是新订单和变更请求的透明计算是一个巨大的挑战。同时，产品服务系统（PSS）的日益普及增加了成本计算的复杂性，因为额外的无形服务必须精确计算。PSS是材料和产品相关服务的组合，如备件销售、维护或修理。他们的目标是增加核心产品的销售。作为无形的组成部分，它们有助于产品解决问题的能力。PSS不仅给公司带来了必须精确计算无形服务的额外挑战，而且还需要掌握另一个复杂性驱动因素- PSS。此外，这些系统的可持续性和资源节约型设计变得越来越重要。这只能通过满足需求的设计和相应的（工作量）计算来实现。在这方面，创新的信息和通信技术（ICT）为有效和高效地设计整个生命周期的计算过程提供了新的潜力。由于整个产品生命周期中数据的可用性越来越高，透明度显著提高，并允许通过智能分析算法识别明确的因果关系和预测可能性。因此，成本核算过程的质量可以在所有四个相关目标变量：准确性、速度、系统化和自动化方面得到显著提高和优化。然而，目前的成本计算模式通常没有充分考虑到信息和通信技术的使用。该研究项目的目的是开发一种设计模型，用于计算单批和小批量生产中使用ICT新潜力的PSS。首先，现有的科学方法将根据整体计算过程的附加价值进行评估。根据这一评价，将开发一个成本计算的设计模型，该模型综合和处理内部和外部所有与成本有关的数据。在这样做时，必须考虑产品不同阶段的各种成本驱动因素以及它们与其他数据的相互作用。通过对数据进行适当的分析，应该能够过滤出重要的信息，从而产生可持续的知识。因此，该模型可以在成本核算过程中持续学习，从产品制造到最终成本核算，以及在整个生命周期中提供的所有与产品相关的服务。

Single and small-batch production is characterized by complex value-added processes and services, which are manufactured by individual customer requirements in small batch sizes up to unique items. Especially the transparent calculation of new orders and change requests is therefore a great challenge. At the same time, the increasing spread of Product Service Systems (PSS) increases the complexity of costing, as additional intangible services must be calculated exactly. PSS are a combination of material and product-related services, such as spare parts sales, maintenance or repair. They aim to increase sales of the core product. As intangible components, they contribute to the problem-solving power of the product. PSS not only present companies with the additional challenge of having to calculate intangible services precisely, but also with the need to master another complexity driver - PSS. In addition, the sustainable and resource-saving design of these systems is becoming increasingly important. This can only be achieved by a design that meets the requirements and a corresponding (effort) calculation. Here, innovative information and communication technologies (ICT) offer new potentials for an effective and efficient design of the calculation process for the entire life cycle. Due to the increasing availability of data along the entire product life cycle, transparency increases significantly and allows the identification of clear cause-effect relationships and prognosis possibilities through intelligent analysis algorithms. Thus, the quality of the costing process can be significantly increased and optimized in all four relevant target variables: accuracy, speed, systematization and automation. However, current costing models usually do not take the use of ICTs sufficiently into account. The aim of the research project is to develop a design model for the calculation of PSS in the single and small-batch production that uses the new potentials of ICT. First of all, existing approaches from science will be evaluated with regard to the added value for a holistic calculation process. Based on this evaluation, a design model for costing will be developed, which integrates and processes all cost-relevant data both internally and externally. In doing so, the various cost drivers of the different phases of the product as well as their interactions with other data must be considered. By means of a suitable analysis of the data it should be possible to filter important information, from which in turn sustainable knowledge can be generated. This model thus enables continuous learning in the costing process from the offer to the final costing in relation to product manufacture and all product-related services provided along the life cycle.