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Discussion of soil degradation mechanism and efficient irrigation schedule in irrigated arid lands

旱地土壤退化机制及高效灌溉方案探讨

基本信息

批准号：
10460108
负责人：
YAMAMOTO Tahei
金额：
$ 8.06万
依托单位：
TOTTORI UNIVERSITY
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B).
财政年份：
1998
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
1998 至 2000
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

1.Vegetable cultivation in a greenhouse was performed using the microirrigation under soil-water control. It was shown clearly that the yield and quality of leafy vegetables were produced by suitable soil water range. The soybeans cultivating experiments were compared using three different types of mulching ; recycled paper mulch, black poly-film mulch, and silver film mulch. Growth of soybeans in the experimental field under recycled paper mulch was the best under the same amount of microirrigation, the water use efficiency was also high, and it was useful as water-saving cultivation. The microirrigation schedules with tank systems were recommended using the simulation models with irrigation parameters measured in the Tottori sand fields located in the west part of Japan. The simulation was carried out using daily rainfall, evapotranspiration and water retention curves of sand mixing with artificial zeolite. By applying characteristics of artificial zeolite to the microirrigation sche … More dules, saving amount of irrigation water were estimated for vegetables cultivated in Tottori sand fields.2.An experimental study was made on the effect on the soil of changing rainfall intensity in a short period of time. In the test on constant rainfall intensity. crust was formed at the initial stage. Unlike the constant rainfall intensity test, the soil loss gradually increased with the passage of time in the test on increasing the rainfall intensity. The cause for soil loss increase, however, differs between clayey soil and sandy soil. In the test on decreasing the rainfall intensity, the soil loss decreased with time. A change in the rainfall intensity strongly affected the clayey soil in terms of splash rate. Experiments were carried out by supplying artificial rainfall on the bare slope. In this experiment, rill networks that develop on the bare slopes and the time variations of soil run-off were measured. Particle size of run-off soil was analyzed and the relationship between the soil hardness, clay content of original soil and soil loss was investigated. And confinned that the change of configuration of soil surface was deeply influenced by the clay content of soil.3.The effects of clay minerals, clay contents and salinities of equilibrated solution to evaluate Na-Ca exchange selectivity using Montmorillonite and Illite were studied. The dielectric constant ε and bulk electrical conductivity (EC) of Na- and Ca-bentonites were measured by time-domain reflectometry (TDR). Bentonite samples though prepared by distilled water provided considerable magnitude of EC having a maximum peak value at volumetric water content θ=0.60 m^3 m^<-3>, the lowest limit of θ for saturaion : 3.88 dS m^<-1> for Na-bentonite and 1.45 dS m^<-1> for Ca-bentonite. Due to energy loss, TDR waveform was almost completely attenuated between θ=0.45 and 0.87 m^3 m^- for Na-bentonite and between θ=0.36 and 0.50 m^3 m^<-3> for Ca-bentonite. A two-stage laboratory method which consists of multi-step outflow and evaporation phase was developed for rapid estimation of the soil water retention function and hydraulic conductivity function K from near-saturation to air-dry. The function was determined by curve-fitting of the equilibrium outflow data and psychrometric data. The K function was estimated inversely using evaporation data and final water content profile. Compared with K data from other reliable method, reliability of the presented method was verified. Less

1.采用土壤控水微灌技术进行温室蔬菜栽培。结果表明，在适宜的土壤水分条件下，叶菜类蔬菜的产量和品质均较好。比较了再生纸地膜、黑色多膜地膜和银膜地膜三种不同类型地膜对大豆的栽培效果。在等量微灌条件下，再生纸复盖试验田大豆生长最好，水分利用效率高，具有节水栽培的价值。利用模拟模型对日本西部鸟取县沙田的灌溉参数进行了模拟计算，推荐了水槽系统微灌制度。利用人工沸石混合沙的日降雨量、蒸散量和持水曲线进行了模拟。人工沸石在微灌…中的应用对鸟取沙地种植的蔬菜增加滴灌、节约灌溉水量进行估算。2.对短期内降雨强度变化对土壤的影响进行了试验研究。在恒定降雨强度试验中。结壳形成于初始阶段。与恒定雨强试验不同，在增加雨强试验中，土壤流失量随着时间的推移而逐渐增加。然而，粘性土和砂性土的土壤流失量增加的原因不同。在降低降雨强度的试验中，土壤流失量随时间的延长而减少。降雨强度的变化对粘性土的飞溅率影响很大。采用裸露坡面人工增雨的方法进行试验。在本试验中，测量了裸露坡面上发育的细沟网络和土壤径流的时间变化。对径流土壤进行了粒度分析，研究了土壤硬度、原状土壤粘粒含量与土壤流失量的关系。研究了粘土矿物、粘土含量和平衡溶液盐度对蒙脱石和伊利石Na-Ca交换选择性的影响。用时域反射仪测量了钠、钙膨润土的介电常数ε和电导率(EC)。用蒸馏水制备的膨润土样品具有相当大的电导率，在体积含水率θ=0.60m^3m~(-3)时有一个最大峰值，饱和θ下限：钠膨润土3.88ds m^~(-1)，钙膨润土1.45ds m~(-1)。由于能量损失，钠基膨润土在θ=0.45~0.87m^3m^-之间，钙基膨润土在θ=0.36~0.50m^3m^~(-3)之间，TDR波形几乎完全衰减。提出了一种由分步出流和蒸发两阶段组成的实验室快速估算土壤水分保持函数和土壤导水函数K的方法。通过对平衡流出数据和湿度数据进行曲线拟合，确定了该函数。利用蒸发量数据和最终含水率剖面反推求K函数。通过与其他可靠方法得到的K值进行比较，验证了该方法的可靠性。较少

项目成果

期刊论文数量（76）

专著数量（0）

科研奖励数量（0）

会议论文数量（0）

专利数量（0）

魏江生,山本太平,井上光弘,坂口巌: "ガラス室条件下の砂斜面における牧草の生育特性と水ストレスに及ぼす二,三の地形的要因"農業土木学会論文集. 209. 57-66 (2000)

Jiangsheng Wei，Taihei Yamamoto，Mitsuhiro Inoue，Iwao Sakaguchi：“玻璃室条件下影响沙坡草生长特性和水分胁迫的一些地形因素”日本农业和土木工程师学会会刊209. 57-66（2000）。）

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遠藤常嘉,山本定博,本名俊正,高島雅子,飯村康二,ラウルロペス,マリオベンソン: "メキシコ・バハカリフォルニア半島中央部に分布する潅漑農地の塩類動熊"日本土壌肥料科学雑誌. 71(1). 18-26 (2000)

Tsuneyoshi Endo、Sadahiro Yamamoto、Toshimasa Honna、Masako Takashima、Koji Iimura、Raul López、Mario Benson：“墨西哥下加利福尼亚半岛中部灌溉农田的盐分异常”《日本土壤与肥料科学杂志》71(1)。））。18-26（2000）