Politics of Accessibility : From Sociological and Informational Approach

无障碍政治:来自社会学和信息方法

• 批准号: 11410053
• 负责人: ISHIKAWA Jun
• 金额: $ 5.76万
• 依托单位: University of Shizuoka
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)
• 财政年份: 1999
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 1999 至 2001
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/en/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-11410053/
• 关键词: assistive technology; accessibility; screen reader; universal design; closed caption; Rehabilitation Act; リハビリテーション法; アクセシビリティ; 福祉工学; 視覚障害; デシタルデバイド; デシタル経済; クローズド・キャプション; デジタルテレビ; 情報バリア; 聴覚障害者; ADA

This research first focused on U.S. legal system that empower accessibility to information. As its result, it appeared that Rehabilitation Act Section 508th Amendment, Assistive Technology Act, Americans with Disability Act and Telecommunication Act have been playing key roles.Owing to this legal environment, the development of universal design and assistive technology have been prompted. Especially the development of screen readers which make it possible for the persons with visual impairment to access computer and contribution from several important activities which enhance web accessibility are remarkable.By the pressure of the "politics of accessibility", Microsoft finally developed Microsoft Active Accessibility, a universal design oriented mechanism that supports third party software vendors' development of better screen readers and other accessibility products with lower cost and shorter time lag. Furthermore, it put spur on the effort of World Wide Web Consortium to web accessibility.Considering this social situation in U. S.., this research also compared popular and important public and private web sites in U.S. and Japan with regard to the r accessibleness. No significant difference is observed among private web sites. while clear difference exists among public web sites. It is apparent that this result came from the enforcement of Rehabilitation Act Section 508th Amendment in U. S..This study also researched the history of closed captioning of T.V. broadcasting in America. This service mainly targeting deaf consumers is now taken for granted especially at prime time.Finally, all kinds of assistive technology which assists persons with visual impairment, hearing impairment, motor impairment, cognitive and/or learning disability was scrutinized.

这项研究首先关注的是美国的法律制度，这些法律制度使人们能够获得信息。因此，《康复法》、《第508修正案》、《辅助技术法》、《美国残疾人法》和《电信法》等法律法规的出台，推动了通用设计和辅助技术的发展。特别是屏幕阅读器的发展，使视障人士能够访问计算机，以及几项提高网页无障碍能力的重要活动所做出的贡献是显著的。在“无障碍政治”的压力下，微软最终开发出了Microsoft Active Accessibility，这是一种面向通用设计的机制，支持第三方软件供应商以更低的成本和更短的时间开发更好的屏幕阅读器和其他无障碍产品。考虑到美国S大学的这一社会状况，本研究还比较了美国和日本流行的重要公共和私人网站的可达性。不同的私人网站之间没有显著差异。而公共网站之间存在着明显的差异。显然，这一结果来自于美国S《康复法》第508条修正案的实施。本研究还研究了美国电视广播的闭路字幕历史。这项主要针对聋人消费者的服务现在被认为是理所当然的，特别是在黄金时段。最后，审查了帮助视力障碍、听力障碍、运动障碍、认知和/或学习障碍的人的各种辅助技术。