A WEB-BASED GROUP EXPERIMENT SYSTEM FOR CROSS-SOCIETAL STUDIES.

基于网络的跨社会研究小组实验系统。

• 批准号: 11694001
• 负责人: YAMAGISHI Midori
• 金额: $ 4.99万
• 依托单位: HOKKAIDO UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)
• 财政年份: 1999
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 1999 至 2001
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/en/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-11694001/
• 关键词: internet; cross-societal comparison; group experiment; trust; cooperation; in-group favoritism

The goals of this study were (1) to construct a system for international collaborative experiments over internet, (2) to conduct a series of experiments with the newly constructed internet experiment system, and (3) to assess problems and difficulties in conducting cross-societal experiments over the internet. The first goal was mostly achieved during 1999, when a prototype of the experiment system was constructed. In 2000 and 2001, cross-societal experiments were conducted using the newly constructed system, first between Japan (Hokkaido University) and Australia (La Trobe University) and then between Japan and the United States (Cornell University). We encountered a series of problems with unstable communications via internet, especially, problems of delayed and interrupted communications. Since then, technical improvement was introduced to the system, and we encountered much less problems in the Japan-US experiments. Besides having developed a system that can be widely used for cross-societal experiments, we obtained following major findings from the series of cross-societal experiments. (1) Stereotype contents and historical contexts heavily influence Japanese participants' inter-group behavior, whereas Australians' inter-group behavior was much less influenced by those factors. The findings were interpreted in terms of differential conception of groups in the two societies. (2) An option to determine the level of risks participants are willing to take improves the process of building mutually trusting and trustworthy relationships either among American participants or Japanese participants, and yet, the positive effect of being able to choose the levels of social risks was much stronger among Americans than among Japanese participants.

本研究的目标是：(1)构建国际互联网协同实验系统；(2)利用新构建的互联网实验系统进行一系列实验；(3)评估在互联网上开展跨社会实验的问题和困难。第一个目标在1999年基本实现，当时建立了实验系统的原型。在2000年和2001年，使用新建立的系统进行了跨社会实验，首先在日本（北海道大学）和澳大利亚（拉筹伯大学）之间进行，然后在日本和美国（康奈尔大学）之间进行。我们遇到了一系列网络通信不稳定的问题，特别是通信延迟和中断的问题。从那时起，我们对系统进行了技术改进，在日美实验中遇到的问题少了很多。除了开发了一个可以广泛用于跨社会实验的系统外，我们还从一系列跨社会实验中获得了以下主要发现。(1)刻板印象内容和历史背景对日本被试群体间行为的影响较大，而对澳大利亚被试群体间行为的影响较小。这一发现是根据两个社会对群体的不同概念来解释的。(2)在美国和日本的被试中，决定被试愿意承担的风险程度的选项都改善了被试建立相互信任和信任关系的过程，但美国被试能够选择社会风险程度的正向效应要比日本被试强得多。

项目成果

Toshio Yamagishi, Toko Kiyonari: "Ingroup Cooperation and the Social Exchange Heuristic"Suleiman, R., Budescu, D. V., Fischer, I., & Messick, D. (Eds.), Contemporary Psychological Research on Social Dilemmas. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. (印刷

Toshio Yamagishi、Toko Kiyonari：“群体合作与社会交换启发式”Suleiman, R.、Budescu, D. V.、Fischer, I. 和 Messick, D.（编），《当代社会困境心理学研究》，英国：剑桥大学出版社。

山岸俊男: "社会的ジレンマ-「環境破壊」から「いじめ」まで"PHP出版. 227 (2000)

山岸敏夫：“社会困境 - 从‘环境破坏’到‘欺凌’”PHP Publishing 227 (2000)。

Yamagishi, Toshio: "It takes venturing into a tiger's cave to steal a baby tiger : Experiments on the development of trust relationships. Pp.121-123 in Werner Raub and Jeroen Weesie (eds.), The management of durable relations."Thela Thesis Publisher. 24 (

Yamagishi, Toshio：“需要冒险进入老虎的洞穴才能偷走小老虎：信任关系发展的实验。第 121-123 页，Werner Raub 和 Jeroen Weesie（编辑），《持久关系的管理》。” Thela

Toshio Yamagishi, Nobuhito Jin and Toko Kiyonari: "Bounded generalized reciprocity : lngroup favoritism and ingroup boasting"Advances in Group Processes. 16. 161-197 (1999)

Toshio Yamagishi、Nobuhito Jin 和 Toko Kiyonari：“有界广义互惠：群体内偏袒和群体内吹嘘”群体流程的进展。

山岸俊男: "一般的互酬性の期待としての集団主義文化"組織科学. 33(1). 24-34 (1999)

Toshio Yamagishi：“集体主义文化作为普遍互惠的期望”《组织科学》33(1)。