International Comparative Studies of Americanization and Nationalism in a Global Age

这个项目的主要和一般目的有两个方面：第一，分析作为一种普遍的社会经济和文化现象的“美国化”和“全球化”之间的区别；第二，分析民族主义与美国在某些地区和国家的影响力之间的紧张关系。该项目的每个参与者都对这一主题进行了研究，并在自己的领域收集了相关材料。我们将整个项目分为四个子类：美国化的起源；全球政治经济中美国霸权的特征：全球市民社会的形成与美国主义的关系以及在美国化的全球影响下区域研究的新任务和可能性。在对这些主题进行了两年半的个人研究之后，我们于2002年8月在札幌举行了一次国际研讨会，目的是整合我们的观点，并对这个项目的总体主题有更广泛的了解。考虑到这个话题的规模之大，我们很难说我们已经穷尽了它或得出了一个明确的答案。然而，我们确实就进一步研究美国化和全球化现象达成了一些初步协议。首先，美国化工程的国际化早在20世纪20年代就开始了。因此，美国霸权在国际政治经济中的根源比通常认为的要早于世界历史和美国历史。第二，尽管作为一种“普世文化”的美国主义并不总是与基于自由资本主义的全球市场经济相一致，但这两种趋势在打击狭隘的民族主义和规范全球社会方面密切合作。最后，国际社会发生的巨大变化要求区域研究作为一个学术领域进行自我转型，不仅要把握国家和地方事务，而且要把握对它们产生普遍影响的意义。少

The main and general purpose of this project was twofold : first, to analyze the distinction between "Americanization" and "globalization" as a universal socio-economic and cultural phenomenon ; second, to analyze the tension between nationalism and American influence in certain regions and countries. Each participant in this project has conducted research into this general topic and collected pertinent material in hish/her own field.We divided the entire project into four sub-categories : the origins of Americanization ; the characteristics of American hegemony in global political economy : the relations between the formation of global civil society and Americanism ; and the new tasks and possibility of area studies under the global influence of Americanization.After two and half years of individual research on these subjects, we held an international symposium at Sapporo in August 2002 for the purpose of integrating our perspectives and achieving a broader view of the general topic o … More f this project. In making allowances for te sheer scale of the topic, we can hardly say we have exhausted it of reached a definitive answer. Yet we did reach several tentative agreements for further investigation into the phenomena of Americanization and globalization.First, the internationalization of the project of Americanization already started in the 1920s. Therefore the roots of American hegemony in international political economy go back further in world history and American history than is usually thought. Second, although Americanism as a kind of "universal culture" does not always coincide with the global market economy based on liberal capitalism, both trends collaborae closely in fighting against parochial nationalisms and in standardizing the global society. Finally, the sea change occurring in international society requires area studies as an academic field to transform themselves in order to grasp not only national and local affairs but also the meaning of universal influences on them. Less