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STUDY ON DISRUPTIVE SELECTION CAUSEING SPECIATION IN COMPLEX PREDATOR-PREY SYSTEMS

复杂捕食者-被捕食系统中引起物种形成的破坏性选择的研究

基本信息

批准号：
13440227
负责人：
SAITO Yutaka
金额：
$ 8.96万
依托单位：
HOKKAIDO UNIVERSITY
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)
财政年份：
2001
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
2001 至 2002
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

We studied on the factors which caused complex predator-prey systems in the nature from several behavioral view points. First we analyzed the phylogenies of the target species focused on and revealed that the species concerned are monophyletic. Next the behavioral traits of several prey and predator species under experimental conditions. For example, the function of the large and continuous nests of Schizotetranychus longus Saito was beneficial to cooperative defense through the concentration of many adults over a long period, although the nests are relatively vulnerable to predatory intrusion because of their large sizes. On the other hand, the smaller, scattered nests (with at most ten eggs) constructed repeatedly by a single Schizotetranychus celarius Banks female were solid refuges that can prevent several predator species from intruding. In addition to the above function, we found that once scattered nests have suffered predation, they then function as "dummies" to delude predators. Furthermore, most of them should invade the nests to search for and feed on eggs after nest detection. Namely, we indicated that these scattered void nests increase a predators searching cost (time), then function as "dummies for deluding predators" after suffering predation. Therefore, we could conclude that such predation pressure might operate as a disruptive selection pressure which caused the speciation of the celarius species group. In small beetles and ants, we also revealed several related phenomena and determined the phylogeny of them. These results have been prepared as 13 reports of which 4 reports had been accepted or published. The other 9 are now under submission.Then, the present results strongly suggest that the predation pressure by multiple predators having various traits sometimes operate as very strong factors which cause the speciation of prey species through disruptive selection.

我们从多个行为角度研究了自然界中造成复杂捕食系统的因素。首先我们对所关注的目标物种进行系统发育分析，发现所关注的物种是单系的。接下来是实验条件下几种猎物和捕食者物种的行为特征。例如，斋藤裂叶螨的巢穴大而连续，其功能有利于通过大量成虫长期集中进行协同防御，但由于其巢穴尺寸较大，相对容易受到捕食者的入侵。另一方面，由一只雌性裂叶螨重复建造的较小、分散的巢穴（最多有十个卵）是坚固的避难所，可以防止多种捕食者物种的入侵。除了上述功能外，我们还发现，分散的巢穴一旦遭受捕食，就会充当“傀儡”，迷惑捕食者。此外，大多数在发现巢穴后都会侵入巢穴寻找并以卵为食。也就是说，我们指出，这些分散的空巢增加了捕食者的搜索成本（时间），然后在遭受捕食后充当“迷惑捕食者的傀儡”。因此，我们可以得出这样的结论：这种捕食压力可能是一种破坏性的选择压力，导致了芹鱼物种群体的物种形成。在小甲虫和蚂蚁中，我们还揭示了几种相关现象并确定了它们的系统发育。这些结果已准备为13份报告，其中4份报告已被接受或发表。其他 9 种目前正在提交中。然后，目前的结果强烈表明，具有不同特征的多种捕食者的捕食压力有时是非常强烈的因素，通过破坏性选择导致猎物物种的物种形成。