The Understanding of the "Word" from the Late Middle Ages to the Renaissance - from Metaphysics to Humanism

1.在世纪的北方经院神学中，奥古斯丁的“内心世界”理论被阿奎那和塞尔-耶以隐喻的方式发展，作为埃克哈特神秘主义的基础。2.语法作为一个与语言相关的学科（trivium）-古代文科转化为本体论解释的“思辨语法”，占主导地位，直到1330年，但取代了术语逻辑，其中，自1270年左右，强调逻辑的独立性。3.唯名论的奥卡姆主义致力于语言的完美逻辑化，而后继的布里丹主义则将逻辑的要求调整为语言的实际使用。在“devotio moderns”的宗教运动中，这个词被实践为对话，直到在宗教改革中，圣经和布道中的词被反映为行为和生活事件。5.在意大利，自11世纪初以来，在对古罗马学者（西塞罗）的研究中，出现了对文本的人文主义研究和一种语言理论，这种理论认为古典拉丁语是优雅语言的普遍规范，同时尊重方言的表现力。语言被认为是人类教育的基础，评价语言的标准不是它的逻辑性，而是它的伦理、文学和教育学性质。6.通过将人文主义研究纳入大学课程，世纪受德国人文主义辩证法启发的法国哲学将逻辑理解的语言解释为发明真理的方法。然而，这种人文主义的语言观不得不放弃其中心地位，成为近代早期典型的几何方法的精神。

1. In the northern scholastic theology of the 13th and 14th century, Augustine's theory of the "inner word" is metaphysically developed by Aquinas and ser-yes as basis for Eckhart's mysticism. 2. Grammar as one of the language-related disciplines (trivium) -of the ancient liberal, arts is transformed into an ontologically interpreted "speculative grammar", dominant till amind 1330, but superseded by terminist logic, which, since around 1270, stresses the independence of logic. 3. Nomialist Ockhamism strives for a perfect logicification of language, while the succeeding Buridanism adjusts the demands of logic to the actual use of language. In the religious movement of "devotio moderns", the word is practised as dialogue, till in the reformation, the word of the Bible and in the sermons is reflected upon as deed and living event. 5. In Italy, since the early lith century, out of the study of the ancient rhetoricians (Cicero) arises the humanist study of texts and a theory of language which regards classical Latin as universal norm of elegant language, while at the same time respecting the expressive force of the vernaculars. Language is regarded as the basis of human education and estimated not for its logical, but ethical, literary and pedagogical qualities. 6. Through the integration of humanist studies into the university curriculum, in the French philosophy of the 16th century inspired by German humanist dialectics, rhetorically understood language is construed as method for the invention of truth. However, this humanist conception of language had to cease its central place to the spirit of geometrical method typical for early modern times.