Descriptive grammar of the Sogdian language based on the synchronic analysis

粟特语属于印欧语系的伊朗分支。粟特人是沿着丝绸之路的国际贸易商，他们的语言在世纪之前一直是中亚地区的通用弗兰卡。在11世纪世纪，他们被入侵，随后被伊斯兰势力统治，他们的语言不再被使用。伊朗语群包括古波斯语和古波斯语，以及许多现代语言，如波斯语，库尔德语，普什图语，Yaghnobi除了古代和现代伊朗语言外，该集团还包括在伊朗和中亚伊斯兰化之前所说和书写的中伊朗语言。粟特语属于中古伊朗东部方言群。由于许多文本材料都是从古代和中世纪伊朗时期保存下来的，也由于丰富的文化遗产， 关于我们 作为一种口语语言，粟特语的语言学研究主要是语言学和历时的;人们对伊朗如何在大约2500年的时间里发生变化感兴趣，并将这些发现与印欧语系的其他分支进行了比较。因此，迄今为止出版的粟特语语法都是从历时变化的角度编写的。在基金资助的研究期间，我主要集中在粟特语的共时方面，并试图在文本共时分析的基础上提出描述语法。作为我过去三年研究的结果或成果，我起草了一部新的全面的粟特语语法，约300页，其中包括一篇关于粟特人历史和粟特人历史的短文。从世纪初粟特语文字材料的发现开始，就有了对粟特语的研究。希望那些对粟特语感兴趣的人可以自学，我的语法由23节课组成，并提供了练习和词汇表。语法中引用的每个句子和单词都提供了一个语音表示，这对非专业人士很有帮助，因为用于书写粟特语的文字是所谓的辅音文字，没有任何字母来表示元音。我也发表了几篇单独的文章和一本关于相关主题的书。其中最有趣的是最近在中国西安发现的公元580年的铭文。该铭文的重要性在于，迄今为止在中国大陆还没有发现粟特文字，那里一定有许多粟特人作为永久居民和旅行商人。少

Sogdian belongs to the Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family. The Sogdian people were international traders along the Silk Road and their language served as a lingua franca of Central Asia during the period when they were active until the 10th century. In the 11th century they were invaded and subsequently ruled by the Islamic force and their language was no longer spoken.The Iranian language group comprises such ancient languages as Avestan and Old Persian spoken long before the Christian era as well as many modern languages such as Persian, Kurdish, Pashto, Yaghnobi (so-called Modern Sogdian), etc. Apart from the ancient and modern Iranian languages, the group also comprises Middle Iranian languages which were spoken and written before the Islamization of Iran and Central Asia. Sogdian belongs to the eastern dialect group of Middle Iranian. Due to the fact that many texts materials are preserved both from Ancient and Middle Iranian periods and also due to richness of mo … More dern spoken languages, the linguistic study of the Sogdian language has mainly been philological and diachronic ; one has been interested in the way how Iranian had changed through the period of ca.2500 years and the discoveries have been compared with those of the other branches of the Indo-European language family. Thus the Sogdian grammars hitherto published were written from the view point of diachronic change. During the period of research supported by the grant I mainly focused on the synchronic aspects of the Sogdian language and tried to present the descriptive grammar based on the synchronic analysis of texts.As a result or fruit of my study of the last three years I have drawn up a new and comprehensive grammar of Sogdian comprising ca.300 pages which includes a short essay of the history of Sogdians and the history of the study of the language from the very beginning of the discovery of Sogdian text materials in the early 20th century. In the hope that those who are interested in Sogdian might teach themselves, my grammar is consisting of 23 lessons provided with exercises and a glossary. Each sentence and word cited in the grammar is provided with a phonetic representation, which will be helpful for non-specialists, because the scripts employed for writing Sogdian are so-called consonant scripts without any letter for representing vowels.I have also published several separate articles and a book concerning the related subjects. One of the most interesting was an inscription of 580 CE discovered recently in Xian, China. The inscription is important in that no Sogdian text had hitherto been discovered in mainland China, where there must have been numerous Sogdians as permanent residents and traveling merchants. Less