British Welfare State and the Church of England : Activities of William Temple

第二次世界大战期间，自1942年以来一直担任坎特伯雷大主教的威廉·坦普尔在许多场合的公开演讲、给报纸的信以及BBC电台的宗教节目中支持对纳粹德国的战争。但他对德国人民和德国基督徒表现出深切的同情。他批评了对德国人的赤裸裸的仇恨。另一方面，早在20世纪20年代，他就已经使用了“福利国家”一词来反对“战争国家”。本研究通过对坦普尔自第一次世界大战以来所写的许多小册子的分析，揭示了坦普尔的战争观与社会改革观之间的逻辑关系，坦普尔最重视的是国家的道德。在他看来，参军是一种公民的义务，可以为国家献出生命。因此，他们为之献身的国家的活动应当受到道德的约束。英国教会应该利用她的权力， 关于我们 敦促英国政府按照基督教原则行事。这就是为什么教会必须改革，以确保相对独立于议会。坦普尔认识到英国国教在二十世纪作为国家教会的重要性。从这个角度可以更好地理解第一次世界大战期间国家悔改与希望使命运动以及他的其他活动。第二次世界大战即将结束时，坦普尔在要求伦敦金融城经济活动道德的“教会展望”运动中发挥了主导作用。我们必须联系威廉·坦普尔及其追随者在战争期间的这些活动来理解福利国家。他将英国国家置于道德或宗教原则之下，与给予国家或民族最高地位的纳粹国家对立起来，他的观点对战后英国真实的福利国家产生了多大的影响，以及他所要求的福利国家究竟是什么样的，这些问题至今仍没有答案。少

During the Second World War, William Temple, Archbishop of Canterbury since 1942, supported the war against the Nazi-Germany in many occasions of public speeches, his letters written to the newspapers, and religious programs on BBC Radio. But he showed the profound sympathy with the German people and German Christians. He criticized the crude hatred towards the German. On the other hand, he had already used the word "Welfare State" contrary to "Warfare State" in 1920s. In this research I analyzed many pamphlets written by William Temple since First World War, and showed the logical relationship between his views on Wars and the view on the social reforms.William Temple attached the greatest importance to the morality of the State. In his view, people should join the army as a duty of citizen, and may give their life to their country. Therefore, activities of the State to which they dedicated their life should be subject to the morality. The Church of England should use her powers to pe … More rsuade the British government to act in accordance with the Christian principles. This is the reason why the Church must be reformed in order to secure the relative independence from the Parliament. Temple recognized the significance of Church of England as a National Church during the twentieth century. The movement of National Mission of Repentance and Hope during the First World War and his other activities can be better understood from such point of view.Toward the end of the Second World War, Temple played a leading part in "Church Looks Forward" movement, which demanded the morality in economic activities of the City of London. We must comprehend the Welfare State in relation to these activities of William Temple and his followers during the War. He set the British State, subject to moral or religious principles, against the Nazi-State which gave the state or the nation the highest status.There remain unanswered problems of what type of Welfare State Temple demanded and how far his view influenced the real British Welfare State after the War. Less