International Comparative Research on the Job Creation by Utilization of Private Employment Businesses and Diversification of Employment Forms

1.从理论上研究了“间接就业”（临时工、转包工人等）的结构。日本1985年的《工人派遣法》规定，客户公司可以在不雇用工人的情况下指导和监督工人，私人职业介绍所也可以雇用工人，让其他人指导和监督他。通过这种方式，客户可以避免许多雇主的责任。它是指客户公司为雇主购买代理服务，由私人职业介绍所代替客户公司提供代理服务。我们还研究了利用人力资源行业的客户公司的人事管理。他们利用间接雇佣的动机往往是临时工或转包工人的劳动力成本低于正式雇员。客户公司在人事管理方面缺乏长远的眼光。对于临时工或分包工，谁来负责培训和发展员工的能力是不明确的。间接就业的扩大可能会降低客户企业的效率。日本政府开始将部分职业介绍服务委托给民间职业介绍公司（人力产业）。该制度的适用对象是即使通过公共职业介绍所求职，也不能在1年以上的时间内找到工作的长期失业者。政府学习了澳大利亚的先进经验。因此，我们也调查了澳大利亚就业安置制度的优点和缺点。劳务行业委托就业服务的招标制度使其服务不稳定。由于下一轮招标的前景不确定，私营就业公司往往会限制投资。此外，我们还研究了澳大利亚间接就业和人力资源行业的实际情况。

1.We studied theoretically the structure of "indirect employment" (temporary agency workers, sub-contract workers and so on). Worker Dispatching Law in Japan (1985) made it lawful for client companies to direct and supervise a worker without employing him/her, and for private employment agencies to employ a worker in order to let others direct and supervise him/her. In this manner it became possible for the clients to avoid many employers' responsibilities. It means client companies buy the service of act for employers, which the private employment agencies substitute for client companies.2.We also studied the personnel management of the client companies that utilize staffing industry. They often make use of indirect employment from motives that labour cost of temporary agency workers or sub-contract workers is lower than that of regular employees. The client companies don't have long-term viewpoint for personnel management so much. It is not clear who takes responsibility for training and development of employee's ability for temporary agency workers or sub-contract workers. Enlargement of indirect employment is likely to decrease the efficiency for client companies.3.The Japanese government started to entrust a part of job placement service to private job placement firms (staffing industry). The target people of this system is the long-term unemployed job seekers, who cannot hind a job for more than one year in spite that they engaged in job hunting through public employment offices. The government has learnt the advance experience in Australia. Therefore, we also investigated the merits and demerits of the job placement system in Australia. The tender system in entrusting job placement service to staffing industry has made its service unstable. The private employment firms tend to restrain investment due to uncertain prospects for the next tender. Moreover we studied the actual conditions of indirect employment and staffing industry in Australia.