On Privatization of Employment Exchange Systems

在联合王国开办了许多私人职业介绍所（1994年有14,482个介绍所）。在欧洲国家中，英国是少有针对它们的监管的国家之一。一般来说，许多想找白领工作的求职者更喜欢去公共就业中心。然而，私营职业介绍所存在以下弱点。首先，他们不愿意帮助那些工资低的人和残疾人。其次，在经济衰退期间，当求职者实际上增加时，一些私人职业介绍所失去了客户并破产。第三，私人职业介绍所往往在像伦敦这样的经济活动非常活跃的大城市经营，另一方面，在萧条地区，萧条的工业集中，很多失业者想找工作，很少看到私人职业介绍所。在这些地区，公共就业中心的作用非常大。在瑞典，公共就业服务在劳动力市场上发挥了很大作用。每个招聘员工的公司都必须将招聘信息通知到公共职业介绍所。不过，自1993年7月以来，已允许私营职业介绍所经营职业交流服务。目前，瑞典约有200至300家职业介绍所。针对临时工的法律法规相当宽松，但另一方面，集体协议起着补充作用，保护临时工免受他们的虐待。在法国，我们可以发现一些人要求放松对劳动力市场的管制，他们声称政府应该允许私人职业介绍所在职业交流服务中运作。我认为，英国、瑞典、法国等国一直在推进对民间职业介绍所的管制，这些国家的上述情况会对日本的职业介绍所制度产生影响。

In the United Kingdom a lot of private employment agencies have been running (in 1994,14,482 agencies). The U.K.is one of the countries which have a few regulation against them among European countries. Generally speaking, many job seekers who want to get white collar job prefer to visit them to the public Jobcenters. However, the private employment agencies have the following weak points. First, they are not willing to help those who get a low wage and disabled persons. Second, during the recession, when job seekers actually increase, some private employment agencies lose clients and they go bankrupt. Third, the private employment agencies tend to run in the big cities like London where economic activities are very active, on the other hand, in the depressed area where depressed industries concentrate and a lot of unemployed people want to find their jobs, few private agencies are seen. In those areas the role of public Jobcenters is very big.In Sweden the public employment services had playd a big role in the labor market. Every company which hires employees must notice the information of job offers to the public employment exchange offices. However, since July 1993 private employment agencies have been permitted to run in the employment exchange services. At present, about 200 to 300 employment agencies are operating in Sweden. The law and regulation against them are quite loose, but, on the other hand, a collective agreement plays a supplementary role and protects temporary employees from abuse by them.In France, we can find some people require the deregulation of the labor market and they claim that the government should permit the private employment agencies to operate in the employment exchange services.I consider that the above mentioned situation in the U.K., Sweden and France which have been promoting the deregulation of the private employment agencies will influence the employment exchange systems in Japan.