Plant and land use of Early Iron Age societies in the boreal zone of the mid-Kama region and its environmental impact

气候和其他环境变化与政治和社会经济原因一起引发文化转型。这种人类与环境的相互作用在人类生存的环境极限（以恶劣的气候条件为特征）下尤其强烈。人类与环境相互作用的一个特殊例子是公元前 8 世纪至公元 5-6 世纪欧洲前乌拉尔山脉卡马中部地区北方地区的早期铁器时代 (EIA) 社会。考古学家提出了两个假设来解释这里的 EIA 种群的发展：（i）罗马气候最适宜条件下环境条件的改善导致了公元前 3 世纪后卡马中部地区 EIA 文化的经济和人口的快速发展，导致阿纳尼诺文化向格利亚德诺沃文化的转变； (ii) 公元 4-5 世纪开始的气候变冷导致生物生产力下降，引发对草地和耕地的竞争，最终导致中卡马地区的人口外流，导致两种新文化的出现：洛莫瓦托沃 (Lomovatovo) 和内沃利诺 (Nevolino)。我的目标是利用古环境重建来检验这些假设。为了实现这一目标，我计划重建居住在卡马中部地区的环境影响评估协会的植物和土地利用及其对植被和景观的影响。该研究将利用现场和场外放射性碳测年档案进行。多代理分析将结合传统方法（孢粉学、烧失量、考古植物学、炭疽学、木材解剖学研究）和创新方法（非花粉孢粉形态分析、大炭分析、同位素研究）。根据花粉数据，将使用当前模型 REVEALS、LOVE 和多情景方法进行土地覆盖重建。此外，最好的现代模拟技术将用于估计气候和森林覆盖变化。获得的数据将根据研究假设进行评估。到项目结束时，我们将随着时间的推移重建 EIA 文化的植物和土地利用，评估人类与环境的相互作用以及气候变化在人类迁徙过程中的作用。研究结果将有助于我们了解北方地区环境影响评估人口的生存经济及其对环境的影响。

Climate and other environmental changes trigger cultural transformation together with political and socio-economical causes. This human-environment interplay is particularly strong at environmental limits of human existence, characterized by harsh climate conditions. An exceptional example of human-environment interactions is provided by the Early Iron Age (EIA) societies in the boreal zone of the mid-Kama region of the European pre-Urals between 8th century BCE and 5th-6th century AD. Archaeologists suggest two hypotheses explaining the development of the EIA populations here: (i) amelioration of environmental conditions within the Roman climatic optimum led to a rapid development of the economy and population of the EIA cultures in the mid-Kama region after the 3rd century BCE leading to a transformation of the Ananyino to Glyadenovo culture; (ii) climate cooling starting in the 4th-5th century AD led to a lower biological productivity, provoking competition for meadows and arable land and finally an exodus from the territory of the mid-Kama, leading to the appearance of two new cultures: Lomovatovo and Nevolino. I aim to test these hypotheses using palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. In order to reach this aim, I plan to reconstruct plant and land use of the EIA societies inhabiting mid-Kama region and their impact on the vegetation and landscape. The research will be carried out using on-site and off-site radiocarbon-dated archives. The multi-proxy analysis will combine traditional (palynology, loss-on-ignition, archaeobotany, anthracology, wood anatomy studies) and innovative methods (non-pollen palynomorph analysis, macrocharcoal analysis, isotope studies). Based on pollen data, land cover reconstructions will be carried out using current models REVEALS, LOVE and the Multiple Scenario Approach. In addition the best modern analogue technique will be applied to estimate climate and forest cover change. The obtained data will be evaluated with respect to the research hypotheses. By the end of the project, we will have reconstructed the plant and land use of the EIA cultures over time, evaluated human-environment interactions and the role of climate change in human migration processes. The results will contribute to our understanding of the subsistence economy of EIA populations in the boreal zone and their impact on the environment.