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Study oh the "Entjudung of Economy" (Arisierung) in the Third Reich

研究第三帝国的“经济发展”（Arisierung）

基本信息

批准号：
16520457
负责人：
YAMAMOTO Tatsuo
金额：
$ 1.15万
依托单位：
University of East Asia
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
财政年份：
2004
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
2004 至 2005
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/en/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-16520457/
关键词：
The Third Reich Jewish Policy Entjudung of economy Ariyanization textile Industry four years plan ニュルンベルク法アーリア条項社会史営業経済組織繊維・衣料産業

项目摘要

"Entjudung of economy" is the term used to describe the elimination of Jews from economic activities in Nazi Germany. The driving out of Jews from economy began to occur after the "Machtergreifung" in January 1933, though it was rather disorderly. However, by late 1937 the government began to officially promote this practice by turning it into state policy. As state policy, "Entjudung" was carried out using one of the following two method : the liquidation of Jewish firms, or the transferring of their ownership to Germans ("Aryanization"). The implementation of this policy had many ramifications on Jewish society and economy.However, the elimination of Jews and the liquidation of their companies were not performed only by anti-Semitic passion. Economic rationality was also made much of. In controlled economy of the four years plan, effective distribution of raw materials and appropriate placement of workforce was intensively pursued.The textile industry became soon the focus of controversy, because there were a lot of Jewish firms and German workforce in this industry, and the textile industry as a whole was considered to be oversupplied in the war economy. Many small and medium-sized businesses tried to survive by mergers and acquisitions. As the struggle for existence became fierce, anti-Jewish actions increased, and Jewish firms were "aryanized". But the concealment of Jewish character of a firm through Aryanization made execution of the company-sorting and liquidation policy of the state impossible. A rule was needed that should satisfy both anti-Semitism and economic rationality.In this situation, the activity of an anti-Jewish organization in the textile industry let the Reich government realize necessity of a legislation which formally defines a "Jewish firm" and determines the procedure of "Entjudung". In parallel with this, reorganization of the department of Jewish problem in the Reich Ministry of Economy was performed, too.

“经济Entjudung”是用来描述纳粹德国将犹太人从经济活动中清除的术语。从经济领域驱逐犹太人的行动始于1933年1月的“大罢工”（Machtergreifung），尽管过程相当混乱。然而，到1937年底，政府开始正式推动这一做法，并将其纳入国家政策。作为国家政策，“强制处决”采用以下两种方法之一来执行：清算犹太公司，或将其所有权转让给德国人（“雅利安化”）。这一政策的实施对犹太社会和经济产生了许多影响。然而，消灭犹太人和清算他们的公司并不仅仅是出于反犹太主义的激情。经济理性也得到了重视。在四年计划的控制经济中，大力推行原材料的有效分配和劳动力的适当安置。纺织业很快成为争议的焦点，因为这个行业有很多犹太公司和德国劳动力，纺织业作为一个整体被认为在战争经济中供过于求。许多中小企业试图通过兼并和收购来生存。随着生存斗争愈演愈烈，反犹行动愈演愈烈，犹太企业被“雅利安化”。但是，通过雅利安化来掩盖公司的犹太特征，使得国家的公司分类和清算政策无法执行。需要一项既能满足反犹太主义又能满足经济理性的规则。在这种情况下，一个反犹组织在纺织业的活动，让帝国政府意识到有必要立法，正式界定“犹太公司”，并确定“Entjudung”的程序。与此同时，帝国经济部的犹太人问题司也进行了改组。