Effects of Japanese Caregivers' Empathetic Speech with Personification on Children's Empathetic Cognition

1.比较了日本和美国图书馆员制作的照顾者传单的内容。日本传单比美国传单更经常地描述图画书阅读有利于形成良好的关系之间的照顾者和他们的孩子，而美国传单比日本传单更经常地描述书籍阅读与识字的获得的关系。62名18个月大的日本母亲回答了关于图画书阅读实践、关于照顾者对幼儿说话的信念、关于图画书阅读对幼儿的好处的信念以及母亲在孩子5岁时的社会化目标的问卷。结果表明，日本母亲倾向于与孩子建立情感-移情关系。社会化的社会情感目标导致了他们对照顾者言语的信念中的移情取向，这反过来又导致了对话和接受导向的图画书阅读实践。3.六岁儿童参与了道德判断、植物和无生命物体的生物学推断任务。实验组的孩子们用他们的标签和拟人后缀“san”来命名植物和无生命的东西。对照组的孩子只给他们的标签命名。实验组儿童比控制组儿童更多地参照人的归因进行道德判断推理。研究结果表明，添加拟人后缀会使儿童产生移情认知。

1.The contents of the leaflets for caregivers produced by Japanese and American librarians were compared. Japanese leaflets describe more often than American leaflets that picture book reading is good for the formation of good relationships between caregivers and their children, while American leaflets describe more often than Japanese leaflets that book reading has the relationships with the acquisition of literacy. American leaflets recommend dialogic reading to the caregivers more than the Japanese leaflets.2.Sixty two Japanese mothers of 18-month old children responded to questionnaires about picture-book reading practices, beliefs about caregivers' speech to toddlers, beliefs about benefits of picture-book reading to toddlers, and maternal socialization goals for when their children would be 5-years old. The results demonstrate that Japanese mothers are oriented to have affectionate-empathetic relationships with their children. Their socio-emotional goal of socialization leads to their empathy orientation in their belief about caregivers' speech, which in turn leads to dialogic and acceptance-oriented picture-book reading practices. Furthermore the empathetic orientation in their belief leads to the use of baby-talk words with the repetition of syllables.3.Six-year-old children participated in the tasks of moral judgments, biological inferences about a plant and an inanimate thing. The plants and the inanimate thing were named with their label and personified suffix "san" for the children in the experimental group. They were named with only their label for the children in control group. The children in the experimental group reasoned the moral judgment referring to the human attributions more often than those in the control group. The results show that adding personified suffix lead the children to empathetic cognition.