A Study of Victorian Female Servants : Their Clothes, Lives, and Representations in Literature

维多利亚时代女仆人的研究:她们的服装、生活和文学表现

• 批准号: 17520179
• 负责人: NISHIMURA Miho
• 金额: $ 2.05万
• 依托单位: Fukuoka University of Education
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
• 财政年份: 2005
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 2005 至 2006
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/en/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-17520179/
• 关键词: British Studies; Victorian Culture; Gender; Fashion; Class; Working Class; Victorian Novel; ヴィクトリア朝文学; イギリス; 民族史

In this research, Victorian female servants' clothes, lives and literary representations are examined. In Victorian Age, servants were status symbol for the middle class. People who wished to be regarded as the middle classes employed one servant at least. In the hierarchy of female servants, housekeeper was at the top whereas a maid of all work was at the bottom. The circumstances under which they found themselves were so complex that there remain some questions left unsolved. The photographs of Victorian servants tend to give us such an impression as if they wore black or white dresses as the photographs are all monochrome, but Arthur Munby's reference to Hannah Cullwick's working clothes and Victorian servants' clothes which are held in museums in Britain suggest the possibility that the frock of lilac cotton print was also popular as the working dress of servants. Servants' literary representations are also examined in four Victorian novels, including Thomas Hardy's Tess of the d'Urberville (1891). Whereas most female servants are often seen as the object of sexual desire, some of them are promoted from an employee to a friend or even to the wife of their employer, the latter of which is something that would very rarely occur in the real world. Servants also play the role as an informant so as to give the plot a twist. The fact that the servants represented in literary texts are not very different from those in the actual world reflects the familiarity with which they were known to the authors. The appearance of servants in the novels serves to give them reality as well as fantasy. Finally, the romance between Arthur Munby and Hannah Cullwick is discussed. Their story gives us an insight into the trials of love and marriage beyond classes in Victorian society.

在这项研究中，考察了维多利亚时期女仆的衣着、生活和文学表现。在维多利亚时代，仆人是中产阶级的身份象征。那些希望被视为中产阶级的人至少雇佣了一个仆人。在女仆的等级制度中，管家是最高的，而所有工作的女佣都是最低的。他们发现自己所处的情况是如此复杂，以至于仍然有一些问题没有解决。维多利亚时期仆人的照片给我们的印象就像他们穿着黑色或白色的连衣裙，因为照片都是单色的，但亚瑟·芒比提到了汉娜·卡尔威克的工作服和英国博物馆里收藏的维多利亚时期仆人的衣服，这表明淡紫色印花连衣裙也可能作为仆人的工作服而流行。在四部维多利亚时期的小说中，包括托马斯·哈代的《德贝维尔的苔丝》(1891)，也考察了仆人的文学表现。虽然大多数女仆经常被视为性欲的对象，但她们中的一些人从雇员晋升为朋友，甚至是雇主的妻子，后者在现实世界中很少发生。仆人也扮演了告密者的角色，从而使情节发生了转折。文学文本中的仆人与现实世界中的仆人并没有太大的不同，这一事实反映了作者对他们的熟悉程度。小说中仆人的出现既给了他们现实，也给了他们幻想。最后，讨论了亚瑟·芒比和汉娜·卡尔威克之间的浪漫故事。他们的故事让我们深入了解了维多利亚时代社会中超越阶级的爱情和婚姻的考验。

项目成果

Romance of a Victorian Gentleman and a Maid-of-all-work-Fetishism of Hands and Boots-

维多利亚时代的绅士与全心全意工作的女仆的浪漫-手和靴子的恋物癖-

• 发表时间: 2006
• 期刊: Studies in Victorian Culture No.4
• 作者: Murase;Nobuya;村瀬 延哉;村瀬 延哉;村瀬 延哉;西村 美保;Miho Nishimura
• 通讯作者: Miho Nishimura

ヴィクトリア朝のある紳士と雑役女中のロマンス-手とブーツのフェティシズム-

维多利亚时代的绅士和女仆之间的浪漫——手和靴子的恋物癖——

• 发表时间: 2006
• 期刊: ヴィクトリア朝文化研究 第4号
• 作者: Murase;Nobuya;村瀬 延哉;村瀬 延哉;村瀬 延哉;西村 美保
• 通讯作者: 西村 美保