State-Society Relations in Contemporary China

自70年代末开始的改革和“开放”政策的实施以来，中国所发生的一切表明，中国经历了前所未有的社会转型过程，其影响可以被认为与1949年的社会主义革命一样大。为了审视中国社会变迁的真实性，并根据国家-社会关系理论对其进行解读，我们在过去三年中进行了密集的研究活动，包括通过每月的讨论会进行理论分析，以及由每位研究者进行的个人调查，重点关注移民劳动力，劳动力市场，女性移民，新兴中产阶级，城市社区和佛教重建等主题，特别是1997年11月，我们在静冈成功地举办了“中国国家与社会关系现状评估”国际研讨会，这是日本首次举办此类研讨会， ...更多信息 作为研究的结果，我们得出了以下初步结论：1）当前中国社会中引人注目的现象，不应被视为社会结构从传统的二分法向二分法完全转变的标志。这些变化仍然是表面的、中间的和过渡性的。对当前中国社会转型进程的最好描述是“国家与社会的共生和/或两栖”。“2）农村移民劳动力市场尚未完善。进入各种城市劳动力是由不同的社会背景，如户口（家庭登记）状态分割。3)中国的农村移民并不像东南亚国家那样，贫穷、失去土地的农民移民到城市。中国农村移民现象，从移民的动机和对家乡的社会经济影响来看，应被视为在一定条件下的经济理性行为。（4）新“中产阶级”是中国社会转型时期的一个新兴社会阶层，是指在外商和私营企业工作的工人，他们的思想比较保守，远未表现出异见倾向。再加上旧的“中产阶级”的体制精英党的干部，当代中国的中产阶级作为一个整体已经更加重视对下一代的教育。从这个意义上说，政权扶植的中产阶级是国家与社会的共存，而不是社会与国家的对立。少

What has been occurring in China since the implementation of the reform and "opening" policies that began in the late 1970's demonstrates that China has experienced an unprecedented social transformation process, the impact of which can be considered as large as its socialist revolution in 1949. In order to scrutinize China's realty of social changes and interpret them according to State-Society relations theory, we have conducted intensive research activities over the past three years, including theoretical analysis through monthly discussion meetings and individual surveys conducted by each investigator focusing on such themes as migrant labor, labor market, female migrants, emerging middle class, urban communities and Buddhist reconstruction, etc. In particular, we successfully organized an international symposium to assess the present stage of China's state-society relations in November 1997 in Shizuoka, which, as the first attempt of this kind in Japan, provided an opportunity to … More formulate common framework for the analysis among all members of the project.As results of the project, we have reached the following tentative conclusions ; 1) Eye-catching phenomenon witnessed in China's present social scene should not be regarded as the sign of a completed shift in social structure from a traditional dichotomy to a trichotomy. These changes remain superficial, intermediate and transitional. The best way to characterize the present process of China's social transformation is "symbiotic and/or amphibious between the state and society." 2) Labor markets for rural immigrant labor has yet to be completed. Entry to various urban labor is segmented by different social backgrounds such as hukou (family registration) status. 3) Rural immigrants in China do not follow the general pattern of poor, land-lost peasant immigration into urban sectors found in the South-East Asian countries. The Chinese phenomenon of rural immigration should be considered as economically rational behavior based upon given conditions in terms of their motivation and socioeconomic impact on home villages. 4)As an emerging social strata in changing China, new "middle class", defined as workers in the foreign and private business sectors, are rather conservative, far from exhibiting dissident inclination. Coupled with the old "middle class" of institutional elites of the party cadres, middle class in contemporary China as a whole has been paying more attention to the education of the next generation. In this regard, middle class fostered by the regime demonstrates the co-existence between the state and society, not the opposition of the society against the state. Less