State-Society Relations in Contemporary China

自上世纪70年代末开始实行改革开放政策以来，中国所发生的一切表明，中国经历了一个前所未有的社会转型过程，其影响可以说与1949年的社会主义革命一样大。为了考察中国笔下社会变迁的真实面貌，并根据国家-社会关系理论对其进行解读，我们在过去的三年里进行了密集的研究活动，包括通过每月座谈会和每个调查者进行的个人调查进行理论分析，重点关注农民工、劳动力市场、女性移民、新兴中产阶级、城市社区和佛教重建等主题。特别是，我们于1997年11月在静冈成功地组织了一次评估中国国家与社会关系现阶段状况的国际研讨会，这在日本是第一次尝试，这为…提供了一个机会作为项目的成果，我们得到了以下初步结论：1)中国当下社会场景中的引人注目现象不应被视为社会结构从传统的二分法向三分法的彻底转变的标志。这些变化仍然是表面的、中间的和过渡性的。描述中国当前社会转型过程的最好方式是“国家与社会的共生和/或两栖”。2)农村外来劳动力的劳动力市场尚未完善。进入不同的城市劳动力是根据不同的社会背景，如户口(家庭户口)身份。3)中国的农村移民没有遵循东南亚国家贫穷的、失地的农民进入城市的一般模式。中国的农村移民现象应该被认为是一种基于特定条件的经济理性行为，就其动机和对家乡村庄的社会经济影响而言。4)作为中国更迭中的一个新兴社会阶层，新“中产”是指在外企和私营企业工作的人，他们比较保守，并没有表现出异议的倾向。加之党的干部机构精英这一老一辈的“中产阶级”，当代中国的中产阶级作为一个整体，一直更加注重对下一代的教育。在这一点上，政权培育的中产阶级表明了国家与社会的共存，而不是社会对国家的反对。较少

What has been occurring in China since the implementation of the reform and "opening" policies that began in the late 1970's demonstrates that China has experienced an unprecedented social transformation process, the impact of which can be considered as large as its socialist revolution in 1949. In order to scrutinize China's realty of social changes and interpret them according to State-Society relations theory, we have conducted intensive research activities over the past three years, including theoretical analysis through monthly discussion meetings and individual surveys conducted by each investigator focusing on such themes as migrant labor, labor market, female migrants, emerging middle class, urban communities and Buddhist reconstruction, etc. In particular, we successfully organized an international symposium to assess the present stage of China's state-society relations in November 1997 in Shizuoka, which, as the first attempt of this kind in Japan, provided an opportunity to … More formulate common framework for the analysis among all members of the project.As results of the project, we have reached the following tentative conclusions ; 1) Eye-catching phenomenon witnessed in China's present social scene should not be regarded as the sign of a completed shift in social structure from a traditional dichotomy to a trichotomy. These changes remain superficial, intermediate and transitional. The best way to characterize the present process of China's social transformation is "symbiotic and/or amphibious between the state and society." 2) Labor markets for rural immigrant labor has yet to be completed. Entry to various urban labor is segmented by different social backgrounds such as hukou (family registration) status. 3) Rural immigrants in China do not follow the general pattern of poor, land-lost peasant immigration into urban sectors found in the South-East Asian countries. The Chinese phenomenon of rural immigration should be considered as economically rational behavior based upon given conditions in terms of their motivation and socioeconomic impact on home villages. 4)As an emerging social strata in changing China, new "middle class", defined as workers in the foreign and private business sectors, are rather conservative, far from exhibiting dissident inclination. Coupled with the old "middle class" of institutional elites of the party cadres, middle class in contemporary China as a whole has been paying more attention to the education of the next generation. In this regard, middle class fostered by the regime demonstrates the co-existence between the state and society, not the opposition of the society against the state. Less