The Origin of Japanese Printing Culture from a Viewpoint of East Asian Printing.

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We researched for these matters as below.1. Examining old Chinese printing books in Europe, China and Japan.2. Examining old Korean printing books in Korea and Japan.3. Examining "Hyakumanto-Dharani" and old Japanese printing books in Europe and Japan.4. Organizing two International conferences.5. Presenting research results at international conferences and workshops.We examined Chinese, Korean and Japanese old printing books, and made clear these matters at several international conferences and workshops.・The first Asian formal printing book was made in the second half of 9th century.・Japanese "Hyakumanto-Dharani" were not printing text because it did not include printing process but stamped text.