Multidisciplinary Researches on the Societies of the Niger Bend

我们在1986年进行的第一次实地调查所得的结果总结如下：通过北非阿拉伯文化和撒哈拉以南非洲文化的接触，尼日尔湾地区发展了重要的文化特征，(1)马术文化，(2)编织和服装，(3)乐器，(4)泥建筑。分析了在这些社会中观察到的基本身体运动，(1)站立工作时双膝完全伸展，(2)头顶重物，(3)四肢的使用。放牧的富拉尼人在马西纳与农业民族建立了共生关系。富拉尼社会的社会分层就是从这种共生的角度来研究的。与扎伊尔的情况比较，研究尼日尔湾的捕鱼和狩猎部落博佐与邻近农业民族共生关系的问题和方法。许多牧民在城里定居，更多的人继续饲养小动物，山羊和绵羊。本研究分析了segou的案例。由于法国的殖民统治和独立以来采取的政治措施，博佐人在技术和组织方面都发生了巨大的变化。由于捕鱼技术的变化和捕鱼面积的扩大，传统的水神信仰和“水主”的权利也随之被削弱。在班巴拉人中，入会社团具有重要的社会和宗教功能。本研究分析了社会“kote”的案例。在这个地区的社会中，“格里奥特”是世袭的、内婚的音乐家和赞美诗歌手，他们有权公开向村民乞讨。通过深入的案例研究，研究了他们在农村社会中的作用和乞讨的机制。因此，通过我们项目第一年的实地研究，我们可以澄清主要在该地区西部的这些多民族共生社会的某些方面。我们打算在这个方向上深化研究，同时将我们的研究领域扩展到尼日尔湾的中部和东部。少

The results obtained by our first field research carried out in 1986 are summarized as follows;1. Of important cultural tralts developed in the Niger Bend area through the contact between North-African Arab culture and Sub-Saharan African cultures, (1) equestrian culture, (2) weaving and clothing, (3) musical instruments, and (4) mud buiiding are examined.2. Of the fundamental physical movements observed in these societies, (1) standing work with the both knees fully extended, (2) carrying the burden on the head, and (3) usage of the limbs are analyzed.3. The cattle pastralist Fulani have established in Macina a symbiotic relationship with agricul- tural peoples. The social stratification of the Fulani society is studied in this symbiotic aspect.4. The problems and methods to study the symbiotic relation of the Bozo, a fishing and hunting tribe in the Niger Bend, with neighbouring agricultural peoples are examined in comparison with the case of Zaire.5. Many herders settled in the city … More continue to breed small animals, goats and sheep. This study analyzes the case of Segou.6. Drastic changes have been caused among the Bozo, both in technical and organizational domains, by the French colonization and by the politics taken since independence.7. Through changes caused in the fishing rechnique and by the extension of the fishing area, the traditional belief in the water spirits and the rights of the "Master of Water" habe been weakened concomitantly.8. Among the Bambara, initiation societies have important social and religious functions. This study analizes the case of the society 'kote'.9. In the societies of this area, the 'griots' hereditary and endogamous musicians and praise- singers, have the right to beg openly to the villagers. Their role in the rural society and the mechanism of begging are studied by an intensive case stydy.Thus, by the field research of the first yrear of our project, we could clarify some aspects of these multi-ethnic symbiotic societies mainly in the western part of this area. We intend to deepen the study in this direction, in extending at the same time the field of our research into the cintral and eastern parts of the Niger Bend. Less