Dynamics, Experiences, and Outcomes of Tolerance and Intolerance

该项目的主要目标是发展对容忍的社会心理学理解，这种理解不仅在理论上，而且在实践中也是可行的，因为它是现实的，为容忍者和被容忍者所接受，对整个社会有利。按照宽容的不赞成-尊重模型，我们从这样一个工作假设开始：宽容可以被有效地理解为受到尊重约束的不赞成（或者，用补充的话来说，作为带有不赞成的尊重）。我们将检验这种对容忍的理解，并审查其使容忍者和被容忍者能够在不受他人不当干涉的情况下过自己的生活的潜力。特别是，我们希望更多地了解这种容忍和真实性的相互加强，了解这种“良性循环”的促进因素和障碍，以及这种容忍做法的更广泛的社会后果。工作方案包括三个工作包。在工作包1中，我们将研究那些表现出（或未能表现出）与不赞成-尊重模型一致的宽容的人的社会心理动态。我们将特别关注真实性问题和情绪的作用，例如骄傲或喜悦，恐惧或厌恶。在工作包2中，我们将研究这种（不）宽容的接受者的经历，并特别关注威胁感以及接受者对真实性的担忧和自信的进一步后果。在工作包3中，我们将扩大视角，使人们认识到这种（不）容忍做法的更广泛的社会后果。我们将特别关注群体间关系和身份政治的结果，如冲突升级或降级，以及整个社会的结果，如社会破坏或社会融合。我们总共计划进行12个实验（6个实验室实验和6个在线实验）和3个纵向调查，每个调查在三个时间点进行测量。为了衡量我们发现的稳健性和普遍性，我们将在实验和调查中涵盖几种类型的社会（群体间）背景，如政治，生活方式，宗教或种族背景（即，在政治取向、生活方式、宗教或种族方面不同的人的遭遇）。

The project’s main objective is to develop a social psychological understanding of tolerance that works not only in theory, but also in practice in that it is realistic and acceptable to both the tolerant and the tolerated and advantageous to society as a whole. In line with the disapproval–respect model of tolerance, we start with the working assumption that tolerance can be fruitfully understood as disapproval restrained by respect (or, in complementary terms, as respect burdened with disapproval). We will put this understanding of tolerance to the test and examine its potential to enable both the tolerant and the tolerated to live their own lives without undue interference of others. In particular, we hope to learn more about the mutual reinforcement of such tolerance and authenticity, about facilitating factors as well as obstacles to this “virtuous circle,” and about the wider societal consequences of the practice of such tolerance. The work program consists of three work packages. In Work Package 1, we will examine the social psychological dynamics that play out on the side of those who show (or fail to show) tolerance in line with the disapproval–respect model. We will specifically focus on the roles of authenticity concerns and emotions, such as pride or joy and fear or disgust. In Work Package 2, we will examine the experiences of the recipients of such (in)tolerance and specifically focus on feelings of threat and further consequences with regard to recipients’ authenticity concerns and assertiveness. In Work Package 3, we will widen the perspective to bring into view the wider societal consequences of the practice of such (in)tolerance. We will specifically focus on the outcomes for intergroup relations and identity politics, such as conflict escalation or de-escalation, and for society as a whole, such as social disruption or social integration. Altogether we plan to conduct 12 experiments (6 laboratory experiments and 6 online experiments) and 3 longitudinal surveys, each with measurements at three time points. In order to gauge the robustness and generalizability of our findings, we will cover several types of social (intergroup) contexts, both in the experiments and in the surveys, such as political, lifestyle, religious, or ethnic contexts (i.e., encounters of people that differ in terms of political orientation, lifestyle, religion, or ethnicity).