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On the Formation of Physical Chemistry in the later 19th Century

论19世纪后期物理化学的形成

基本信息

批准号：
60580084
负责人：
INOUE Takayoshi
金额：
$ 0.51万
依托单位：
College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Iwate University
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for General Scientific Research (C)
财政年份：
1985
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
1985 至 1986
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

The main part in the formation process of physical chemistry was the establishment of chemical thermodynamics, which was closely related with the chemical kinetics.1. The theory of heterogeneous eqilibrium and that of dissociation equilibrium are to be supposed as the fundamental moments for the formation of chemical thermodynamics. G.Kirchhoff was the first to apply the principles of thermodynamics to sollutions in 1858. His theory was of much help to the studies by A.Horstmann, C.M.Guldberg, H.von Helmholtz and others.2.It was the theory of dissociation equilibrium that established the primary stage in the formation of chemical thermodynamics. In 1873 Horstmann, who is known to be the first chemist to have applied the second law of thermodynamics to chemical processes,attained a qualitatively high level of the theory concerning dissociation equilibrium, founding it on the entropy maximization principle. This new level of Horstmann's theory was made possible through his exact recognising of the inner connection of chemical processes with thermodynamic laws, and of the difference and the relation between microscopic processes and macroscopic ones.3. In the formation of chemical thermodynamics, the thermodynamic functions, introduced by F.Massieu, J.W.Gibbs and Helmholtz, played a important role. On the other hand, van't Hoff reintroduced the method of cyclic process, using the action of semiprmeable membrance.4. The establishment of chemical thermodynamics gave the fundamental basis to the irreversible thermodynamics, the initial step of which was gotten by De Donder in 1922.

物理化学形成过程的主要部分是化学热力学的建立，它与化学动力学密切相关。 1．多相平衡理论和解离平衡理论被认为是化学热力学形成的基本矩。 G.Kirchhoff于1858年第一个将热力学原理应用到溶液中。他的理论对A.Horstmann、C.M.Guldberg、H.von Helmholtz等人的研究有很大帮助。2、解离平衡理论奠定了化学热力学形成的初级阶段。 1873 年，霍斯特曼（Horstmann）被认为是第一位将热力学第二定律应用于化学过程的化学家，他将解离平衡理论建立在熵最大化原理的基础上，达到了高水平。霍斯特曼理论的这一新水平是通过他对化学过程与热力学定律的内在联系以及微观过程与宏观过程之间的区别和联系的准确认识而得以实现的。 3．在化学热力学的形成过程中，F.Massieu、J.W.Gibbs 和 Helmholtz 引入的热力学函数发挥了重要作用。另一方面，van't Hoff利用半透膜的作用，重新引入了循环过程的方法。 4．化学热力学的建立为不可逆热力学奠定了基础，德唐德于1922年迈出了不可逆热力学的第一步。