Integrated Study of Human Skeletal Non-metric Characters, with Special Reference to Their Heritabilities

我们，人类骨骼非度量字符的研究小组，合作促进了这些字符在身体人类学、考古学和系统学等领域的使用。在这项研究中，我们特别关注从不同的角度研究这些文字的一些遗传学方面的问题，并通过三次座谈会，讨论了这些文字的记录标准化以及在人类生物学和考古学研究中的应用的一些方法论问题。主要研究结果如下：1.通过对耳外骨软骨症的统计分析，揭示了柔门人听觉外生骨软骨症的一种有趣的地理变异，表明寒冷的水刺激也是柔门人表现这一特征的主要原因，应采用多因素遗传模型对其进行分析。2.对于大多数非度量颅骨特征，已经非常流行的…在人口比较中，它们的频率被证明在柔门人和弥生人之间发生了巨大的变化，但从弥合人到现代日本人并没有实质性的变化。这样的证据应该被解释为来自这样一个事实，即这些字符比公制骨骼字符更具遗传性。3.利用非度量颅骨特征，提出了将个体骨骼归类到某个群体中的方法，以及个体间血缘关系的估计方法，并在考古案例中得到了很好的应用。4.通过对家系资料和双生子及其亲属的家系资料的分析，合理评估了颅骨、后颅骨、腭骨和牙冠上的非计量性状的遗传力。5.提出了一种基于多因素遗传模型阈值的群体遗传学方法，用于估计非度量变异的遗传力系数，并预测非度量变异在两个群体混合的人类群体中的发生率。6.成功地从群体遗传学的角度分析了非计量骨骼特征在孤立人群中的发生率。7.非计量颅骨特征也被用于研究非人灵长类动物，特别是日本猕猴的生物亲和力，这被证明是非常有希望的。较少

We, the study group of human skeletal non-metric characters, have collaborated to facilitate the use of those characters in such fields as physical anthropology, archaeology and systematics. In this research term, we were especially concerned with studying some genetic aspects of those characters from quite diversified perspectives, and through three times of symposia, discussed some methodological problems for the standardisation of recording such sort of cherecters and the application to human biological and archeological studies. The main results obtained are as follows: 1. The statistic analysis of auditory exostosis frequencies revealed an intriguing geographic variation among Jomon people, and suggested that a cold aquatic stimulus can be considered as a major causative factor of manifesting the trait also in Jomon people and that the multifactorial inheritance model should be applicable to analyse it. 2. As to a majority of non-metric cranial characters, which have been very pop … More ular in population comparison, their frequencies proved to have drastically changed between the Jomon and Yayoi people, but have not substantially changed from the Yayoi through modern Japanase. Such evidence should be interpreted as coming from the fact that those characters are more heritable than metric skeletal characters. 3. Both the methods of positioning an individual skeleton into some group, and of estimating consanguinity among individuals, were proposed using non-metric cranial characters, and proved very successful when being applied to some archaeological cases. 4. Non-metric characters on the cranium, post-cranial skeleton, palatine and tooth crown have been reasonably evaluated their heritabilities through analising pedigree data and those from twins and relatives. 5. A new method has been proposed in terms of population genetics to estimate the heritability coefficient of non-metric variants and to expect the incidences of them in human populations that two groups mixed, based on the multi-factorial inheritance model thresholds. 6. The incidences of non-metric skeletal characters in an isolated human population, was successfully analysed in terms of population genetics. 7. Non-metric cranial characters were applied also to study the biological affinity of non-human primates, specifically of Japanese macaques, and it proved very promissing. Less