A Study of the Interrelation between Grammatical Knowledge and Discourse Factors

当我们试图阐明自然语言的潜在机制时，必须阐明语篇和语境信息的信息结构以及句子的语法结构。过去的语言学研究主要关注句子的句法结构和形式规则。然而，很少有人注意到语法和语篇之间的相互关系。本研究试图阐明语法知识与涉及语篇现象的各种因素之间的相互关系，并对日语和英语的信息结构特征进行比较和检验。1)构成特定语篇的个别句子的理解中涉及的语用因素(如言语行为功能、言外之力、言后之力、常规含义等)，2)语义和概念事实…更多的是表征特定语篇中单个句子的命题内容的因素(如真值条件、短语和词汇意义的习语概念、逻辑连接词等)，3)语用推理的信息加工因素(如会话含义、语言外知识、脚本和/或基于框架的知识等)。在本研究中，还试图阐明表征对话的基本结构的因素和表征语篇隐蔽语境的因素的语言地位。首先，上述1)和2)中阐明的语用和语义因素将有助于自然语言的语篇理解系统的建模。这种模型是为了阐明我们日常交际中基于语境的理解的内部信息加工。其次，上述研究的结果帮助我们理解了从特定的语篇语境和基于该语境的各种推理中获取语用和非语言信息的具体方式。较少

When we attempt to clarify the underlying mechanism of natural languages, it is necessary to explicate the information structures of discourse and contextual information as well as grammatical structures of sentences.Linguistic studies in the past have paid attention to the syntactic structures and formal rules of sentences. However, little attention has been paid to the interrelation between grammar and discourse. In the present study, an attempt was made to clarify the interrelation between grammatical knowledge and a variety of factors involved in discourse phenomena, comparing and examining those factors which characterize the information structures of Japanese and English.In this study, especially the following problems were investigated. :1) Pragmatic factors involved in the understanding of individual sentences which compose a given discourse (e. g., speech-act functions, elocutionary forces, perlocutionary forces, conventional implicatures, etc.),2) Semantic and conceptual fact … More ors which characterize the propositional content of individual sentences in a given discourse (e. g., truth-conditions, idiomatic concepts of phrases and lexical meanings, logical connectives, etc.),3) Those factors which are involved in the informational processing of pragmatic inferences (e. g., conversational implicatures, extra-linguistic knowledge, script and/or frame-based knowledge, etc.).In the present study, an attempt was also made clarify the linguistic status of those factors which characterize the underlying structure of dialogs and those characterizing the covert contexts of discourses.The results obtained through the present research are significant in the following respects. First, the pragmatic and semantic factors clarified in 1) and 2) above will contribute to the modelling of a discourse understanding system for natural languages. This kind of modelling is to explicate the internal information processing of contextbased understanding in our ordinary communication. Second, those results obtained in the study 3) above help us understand the concrete ways in which we gain pragmatic and extra-linguistic information from the context of a given discourse and from a variety of inferences based on that context. Less