The Ethos in Classical Greek Society and the Corpus Hippocraticum

对历史学家修昔底德的著作和《希波克拉底文集》的比较研究一直是我研究古典希腊社会精神的主要主题。“修昔底德和希波克拉底”——不。5-(1990)是为了回顾欧洲和美国对这一主题的当代研究（直到20世纪80年代），并重新审视我以前的研究而写的。可以说，经典的“新趋势”是怀疑主义的复兴，这种怀疑主义由于分析和比较过于琐碎，有时会失去方向，陷入贫瘠的否定。但是文化人类学以及其他相关的历史科学让我意识到研究特定社会中疾病的传播（流行病）、传染、感染和免疫的重要性，这是我在之前的文章中没有注意到的。特别是“瘴气”（污染）的概念，不仅在希腊宗教中，而且在法律和大众伦理等世俗世界中都扮演着非常重要的角色。在希腊社会，瘴气确实是罪恶、犯罪和惩罚的关键概念之一。修昔底德和希波克拉底-不。（1992）是我最近的一篇文章，在这篇文章中，我重读了修昔底德和希波克拉底文集第二卷中关于雅典大瘟疫的文章，我得出的结论是，历史学家和医生都有意识地回避了瘴气和相关概念的概念。但在当代希腊悲剧中，情况恰恰相反，这种观念不仅对个人和家庭，而且对所有城邦成员，都是邪恶的最大原因之一。下一篇文章将对比这两种对恶的因果关系的不同态度，这是古典希腊社会精神研究的基本问题之一。

The comparative study, of the work of the historian Thucydides and the Corpus Hippocraticum has been my main theme for the research on the ethos of classical Greek society. "Thucydldes and Hippocrates" - no. 5-(1990)was written for the purpose of reviewing the contemporary studies(up to 1980les)in Europe and the United States, which consern this theme, and reexaming my previous studies. The 'new trend'of classics is, so to speak, the revival of sceptism, which, as the analysis and the comparison becomes too trivialistic, sometimes lose the sight of direction and fall into the barren negation. But cultural anthropology in particular and other related historical scienses made me realize the importance of studying the spread of diseases(epidemiai), contagion, infection and immunity in a given society, on which I have not paid much attention in previous articles. The idea of 'miasma' (pollution), in particular, plays a very significant role not only in Greek religion, but also in secular world like law and popular ethics. Miasma was indeed one of the key-concepts of sin, crime and punishment in Greek society. "Thucydides and Hippokrates"-no. 6-(1992)is my latest article, in which I rereading the text on the great plague at Athens in the Book II of Thucydides and Hippocratic Corpus, I conclude that both the historian and the doctor were consciously avoiding the idea of miasma and related concepts. But in contemporary Greek tragedies, on the contrary, this idea was one of the greatest causes of evil not only for individuals and families, but for all of the polis members. Next article will be to contrast of these two different attitudes on the causality of evil as one of the fundamental problems for the study of ethos in classical Greek society.