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Changes in the environment and civilization in Turkey, Syria

土耳其、叙利亚环境与文明的变化

基本信息

批准号：
03041092
负责人：
YASUDA Yoshinori
金额：
$ 14.72万
依托单位：
International Research Center for Japanese Studies
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for international Scientific Research
财政年份：
1991
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
1991 至 1993
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-03041092/
关键词：
Turkey and Syria Climatic changes Pollen analysis Radiocarbon dating Lebanon cedar Forest destruction Noah Flood Civilization トルコシリア環境変動地中海文明珪藻分析環境変遷史ボ-リング

项目摘要

The results of pollen, diatom and geochemical analyses and radiocarbon dating of the soil samples taken from the lakes and marshes cleared the following new facts in the history of environment and civilizations in Turkey and Syria.1)The vast step composed of Chenopodiaceae and Artemisia expanded during the glacial period in Turkey and Syria.2)The lake level such as Lake Tuz during the glacial period was more than 20m higher than that of the present.3)The plant cultivation started in such kind of extensive grass land.4)The forest mainly composed of Quercus and Cedrus expanded after 10,000 years BP, indicating the climatic amelioration. The nitrogen and organic carbon contents in the lake deposit also increased.5)The olive cultivation began at 8000 years BP in the Ghave valley, northwest Syria. This evidence of the olive cultivation is the oldest record in the world.6)A major climatic change occurred at 5000 years BP. Cold and wet climate caused the big flood compared with Noah in the Old Testament.7)Lebanon cedar in the mountain of the northwest Syria was completely cleared until 4000 years BP.8)There was second major climatic changes at 3200 years BP. This climatic change gave the fatal blow to the decline of the Hittite Empire in Turkey.9)The soil erosion and deterioration which were accelerated by the forest destruction were also major factors of the decline of ancient civilizations in Turkey and Syria.10)The ancient harbors such as Miletos and Pliene were filled up by the alluvial deposits and the harbors were abandoned by the shift of river course of the Biyuku Menderes.11)It is cleared that rise and fall of the ancient civilizations in Turkey and Syria were suffered by the environmental changes such as climate changes and the natural environment, especially the forest, was severely destructed by the development of civilizations in Turkey and Syria.

花粉的结果，对取自湖泊和沼泽地的土壤样品进行的硅藻和地球化学分析以及放射性碳年代测定澄清了土耳其和叙利亚环境和文明史上的以下新事实：1）土耳其和叙利亚冰川时期，藜科和蒿属植物组成的巨大台阶扩大了。冰川期的图兹湖等湖泊水位比现在高出20米以上; 3）在这种广泛的草地上开始了植物栽培; 4）10年后以栎属和雪松属为主的森林扩大，距今3000万年左右，气候发生了明显的变化。湖泊存款中的氮和有机碳含量也有所增加。5）橄榄种植始于距今8000年前的叙利亚西北部的Ghave山谷。橄榄种植的证据是世界上最古老的记录。6）一个主要的气候变化发生在公元前5000年。7）叙利亚西北部山区的黎巴嫩雪松直到公元前4000年才被完全砍伐。8）公元前3200年发生了第二次大的气候变化。这种气候变化给土耳其赫梯帝国的衰落带来了致命的打击。9）森林的破坏加速了土壤的侵蚀和恶化，这也是土耳其和叙利亚古代文明衰落的主要因素。10）Miletos和Pliene等古代港口被冲积物填满，Biyuku Menderes的河道移动使港口废弃。11）明确了土耳其和叙利亚古代文明的兴衰都受到了气候变化等环境变化的影响，土耳其和叙利亚文明的发展对自然环境尤其是森林造成了严重的破坏。