The post-translational modification of proteins

许多蛋白质在翻译后会经历多种修饰，称为翻译后修饰。这些修饰调节蛋白质的功能和结构。各个蛋白质之间的修饰类型各不相同，需要进行广泛的研究来识别每种修饰。Shimonishi 等人。使用 ESI 和 FAB 质谱法鉴定出脂肪酸 C14:0、C14:1、C14:2 和 C12:0 的添加作为光感受器 G 蛋白 α 亚基 N 末端的修饰。他们还开发了一种新方法来确定 N-连接寡糖的添加位点。田代等人。发现携带负责在内质网保留的 KDEL 基序的蛋白质可以从大鼠胰腺外分泌细胞分泌到管腔中。卡图努玛等人。研究表明，表皮角化包膜由胱氨酸α组成，胱氨酸αC末端区域的磷酸化苏氨酸是透明角质颗粒的目标信号。大村等人。据报道，N 末端区域的电荷和随后的疏水性氨基酸序列对于蛋白质锚定和整合到内质网膜上很重要。姬野等人。克隆了编码位于大鼠肝脏溶酶体膜中的 85 kDa 糖蛋白的 cDNA。结果发现该蛋白是一种新型的不含GY基序的溶酶体蛋白。牧田等人。研究表明，与正常组织相比，癌症中作用于溶酶体酶的加工蛋白酶水平降低。堀内等人。通过使用免疫学技术，显示了人体内存在 AGE 结构的证据。宫城等人。表明肝癌中唾液酸转移酶活性的增加是由于翻译的增强或翻译后修饰的改变。大久保等人。发现焦谷氨酰氨肽酶活性至少由两种同工酶组成。谷口等人。结果表明，糖化 Cu,Zn-SOD 产生的羟基自由基会导致酶断裂。他们还指出，3-脱氧葡萄糖醛酮还原酶与醛还原酶相同。较少的

Many proteins undergo a variety of modifications after translation, which referred to as post-translational modification. These modifications modulate functions and structures of proteins. Types of modifications are variable among individual proteins, and extensive studies are necessary to identify each modification.Shimonishi et.al. identified an addition of fatty acids, C14:0, C14:1, C14:2 and C12:0, as a modification of N-terminus in alpha subunit of photoreceptor Gprotein, using ESI and FAB mass spectrometry. They also developed a novel method to determine the site which an N-linked oligosaccharide was added. Tashiro et.al. found that the proteins carrying KDEL-motif responsible for retention at endoplasmic reticulum could be secreted into lumen from rat pancreatic exocrine cells. Katunuma et.al. showed that an epidermal cornified envelop consisted of cystine alpha, and that the phospholated threonine at the Cterminal region of cystine alpha is a tergeting signal for keratohyalin g … More ranules. Omura et.al. reported that the charges at the N terminal region and the following hydrophobic amino acid sequence were important for proteins to anchor and integrate to membranes in endoplasmic reticulum. Himeno et.al. cloned a cDNA encoding 85 kDa glycoprotein localized in lysosomal membrane of rat liver. It was found that the protein was a novel type of lysosomal protein without GY-motif. Makita et.al. showed that levels of processing proteases acting on lysosomal enzymes were decreased in cancers as compared to normal tissues. Horiuchi et.al. showed evidence of an AGE structure in human body, by using immunological technique. Miyagi et.al. suggested that increased activity of sialyltransferase in hepatoma was due to enhancement of translation or alteration of post-translational modification. Ohkubo et.al. found that pyroglutamyl aminopeptidase activities consisted at least of two isozymes. Taniguchi et.al. showed that the hydroxyl radical generation from the glycated Cu,Zn-SOD lead to fragmentation of the enzyme. They also indicated that the 3-deoxyglucosone reducing enzyme was identical to an aldehyde reductase. Less