The post-translational modification of proteins

许多蛋白质在翻译后会发生各种各样的修饰，称为翻译后修饰。这些修饰调节蛋白质的功能和结构。Shimonishi等人利用ESI和FAB质谱鉴定了光感受器G蛋白α亚基N-末端的脂肪酸C14：0、C14：1、C14：2和C12：0的添加。他们还开发了一种新的方法来确定添加N-连接寡糖的位点。Tashiro等发现，携带KDEL-基序的蛋白质可从大鼠胰腺外分泌细胞分泌到管腔中，该基序负责内质网滞留。Katunuma等人发现表皮角质层被膜由胱氨酸α组成，胱氨酸α C末端的磷酸化苏氨酸是透明角质形成的一个终止信号 关于我们 小颗粒。Omura等人报道，N末端区域的电荷和随后的疏水氨基酸序列对于蛋白质在内质网中锚和整合到膜上是重要的。Himeno等人克隆了一个编码位于大鼠肝脏溶酶体膜上的85 kDa糖蛋白的cDNA。结果表明，该蛋白是一种新型的不含GY基序的溶酶体蛋白。Makita等人表明，与正常组织相比，癌症中作用于溶酶体酶的加工蛋白酶的水平降低。Horiuchi等人利用免疫学技术证明了人体内存在AGE结构的证据。宫城等提出肝癌中唾液酸转移酶活性增加是由于翻译增强或翻译后修饰改变。Ohkubo等人发现焦谷氨酰氨肽酶活性至少由两种同工酶组成。Taniguchi等人表明，由糖化Cu，Zn-SOD产生的羟基自由基导致酶的断裂。他们还指出，3-脱氧葡萄糖酮还原酶与醛还原酶相同。少

Many proteins undergo a variety of modifications after translation, which referred to as post-translational modification. These modifications modulate functions and structures of proteins. Types of modifications are variable among individual proteins, and extensive studies are necessary to identify each modification.Shimonishi et.al. identified an addition of fatty acids, C14:0, C14:1, C14:2 and C12:0, as a modification of N-terminus in alpha subunit of photoreceptor Gprotein, using ESI and FAB mass spectrometry. They also developed a novel method to determine the site which an N-linked oligosaccharide was added. Tashiro et.al. found that the proteins carrying KDEL-motif responsible for retention at endoplasmic reticulum could be secreted into lumen from rat pancreatic exocrine cells. Katunuma et.al. showed that an epidermal cornified envelop consisted of cystine alpha, and that the phospholated threonine at the Cterminal region of cystine alpha is a tergeting signal for keratohyalin g … More ranules. Omura et.al. reported that the charges at the N terminal region and the following hydrophobic amino acid sequence were important for proteins to anchor and integrate to membranes in endoplasmic reticulum. Himeno et.al. cloned a cDNA encoding 85 kDa glycoprotein localized in lysosomal membrane of rat liver. It was found that the protein was a novel type of lysosomal protein without GY-motif. Makita et.al. showed that levels of processing proteases acting on lysosomal enzymes were decreased in cancers as compared to normal tissues. Horiuchi et.al. showed evidence of an AGE structure in human body, by using immunological technique. Miyagi et.al. suggested that increased activity of sialyltransferase in hepatoma was due to enhancement of translation or alteration of post-translational modification. Ohkubo et.al. found that pyroglutamyl aminopeptidase activities consisted at least of two isozymes. Taniguchi et.al. showed that the hydroxyl radical generation from the glycated Cu,Zn-SOD lead to fragmentation of the enzyme. They also indicated that the 3-deoxyglucosone reducing enzyme was identical to an aldehyde reductase. Less