Joint study on snow damages in northeastern part of China

1992 ~ 1994年，在中国东北地区进行了为期三年的雪灾联合项目。该项目主要研究了积雪存款、雪流、融雪径流、水质、酸雨、冻害、流冰（冰山）、气象条件等与冰雪有关的问题。1993年2月沿着调查路线测得的积雪深度在10 - 25 cm之间。积雪中的雪层从雪面到雪底可分为三种类型。其特征是积雪底部积雪深度极深，积雪pH值在5 ~ 7之间。雪中Ca^2+和Mg^2+的浓度很高.可以认为，这些高pH值是受高碱性土壤、粪肥或煤灰的影响。在山区，泉水或河水因冬季寒冷而结冰， ...更多信息 更进一步，变成了一座冰山。这种现象在中国被称为奴流冰（挤压冰）。这发展到道路顶部，并带来交通障碍。这些冰可以根据地点和开发要求进行分类。通过开展大规模的地基条件改善工程，可以预防这一灾害。但我们建议在中国应选择廉价的预防方式，暴风雪造成的漂移会带来两个问题：一是交通障碍，二是春季耕种的延迟。研究了道路形式、树木排数和巷道之间的关系。在防风林中测定了风速分布和飘移量。通过增加观测实例，寻求防风林的合理组成和布局，对森林对混凝土构筑物和建筑物的破坏特征、土壤甲烷释放量、季节冻土层土壤含水量、降水对潜水水质的影响、酸降水气象要素与天气条件的关系等，并在日本召开了专题讨论会，发表了成果报告。少

A joint project was carried out on snow damages in northeastern part of China during a period of three years from 1992 to 1994. This project dealt with snow and snow-related problems such as snow deposit, snow flow, snowmelt runoff, water quality, acid precipitation, frost damages, extruded ice (ice hill), weather conditions and so on.In this district, precipitation is high in summer and very few in winter. Snow depth measured along the survey route was between 10cm and 25cm in February of 1993. Snow layrs in snow cover were divided into three types from the snow surface to the bottom. It is characterized that the depth hoar extremely devel oped at the bottom of snow cover.The pH values of snow cover were between 5 and 7. Concentrations of Ca^<2+> and Mg^<2+> in snow were very high. It can be consi dered that these high pH-values were influenced by high alkaline soil, manure or coal ashes.Water from a spring or river freezes up in a moutainous area by a chill of winter season and devel … More ops furthermore into a ice hill. This phenomenon is called to be slaver-flow-ice (extruded ice) in China. This develops to the road top and brings a traffic obstacle. These ice was able to be classified into some kinds by a place and development requirements. Prevention of this disaster is possible by carrying out large scale improvement construction of ground conditions. But we proposed that the cheap prevention way must be selected in China.A drift by a snowstorm causes two problems ; a traffic obstacle and a delay of cultivation of field in spring. Relations among the forms of road, row of trees and drift were investigated. Wind velocity distribution and a quantity of drift were measured in the windbreak forest. We need to seek for the reasonable constitution and arrangement of windbreak forest by increasing observation example.Many knowledges were acquired on characteristics of forest damages on concrete structures and buildings, methane emissions from soils, horest feave amount of soil in seasonally frozen ground, the influence of precipitation on the quality of phreatic water, the relation among acid precipitation meteorological elements and weather conditions and so on. A symposium about this project was held in Japan, and the result report was published. Less