Resource use patterns and social structure among chimpanzees

1995 ~ 1997年，在坦桑尼亚马哈尔山国家公园对M群黑猩猩的食物资源进行了调查。在样带（4km）和观测路径（23km）两侧各5m范围内，列出所有DBH>=30cm的树木和DBH>=5cm的木本藤本，并贴上编号的铝/塑料标签进行物候研究。在整个研究期间，对这些植物每月进行一次监测，以估计可利用食物的数量并获得物候数据。研究人员对黑猩猩进行了跟踪，并记录了它们使用的食物块的位置、食物块的大小、进食速度和群体规模。初步分析表明，10种最常见的树木中有9种结出的果实被黑猩猩吃掉。这表明黑猩猩进行了密集而有效的种子传播。植物密度介于加蓬的Lope和扎伊尔的Kahuzi之间，这是两个已知的黑猩猩栖息地。通过对距离观测路径50 m范围内发现的动物进行计数，了解了动物食饵资源的分布、离子含量和密度。一组选定的红疣猴与黑猩猩的生态关系也进行了调查。疣猴的密度已被证明足以在黑猩猩每年捕杀100头的速度下存活下来。然而，令人困惑的发现是，尽管红尾猴的数量和红疣猴一样多，但只有后者被黑猩猩选为密集的猎物。用特殊的陷阱收集了各种被认为与黑猩猩有一定生态关系的双翅目苍蝇。系统收集粪便样本，比较不同年龄和性别肠道寄生虫的发生情况。从干燥的粪便中提取性激素的数量将在实验室测量。为了根除外来入侵植物，人们尝试了各种人工干预措施，如围网。并比较了不同处理方法和对照图的处理效果。收集了有关范围、反捕鱼、梳理、团聚、战斗、狩猎和分享肉类的数据。在T.Nishida的监督下，包括空中大学在内的多个电影拍摄小组对黑猩猩的行为进行了录像。我们期望从这些电影记录中获得有价值的信息。少

From 1995 to 1997, the food resource of the M group chimpanzees was investigated in the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania. All the trees with DBH>=30cm and all the woody vines with DBH>=5cm, located within 5m each of the two sides of the transects (4km) and observation paths (23km), were listed up, and numbered alminium/plastic tags were attached to them for phenological research. These plants were monitored once a month throughout the period in order to estimate the quantity of available food and to obtain the phenological data. Chimpanzees were followed, and the location of food patchs used, their patch sizes, feeding speed and party sizes were recorded. A preliminary analysis showed that 9 of the 10 most common species of trees were those producing fruits eaten by chimpanzee.This suggests intensive and effective seed dispersal by chimpanzees. The plant density was intermediatebetween Lope of Gabon and Kahuzi of Zaire, two floristically known chimpanzee habitats. The distribut … More ion and density of mammal prey resources were investigated by counting animals detected within 50 m from the observation paths. Ecological relationships of a chosen group of red colobus monkeys with chimpanzees were also investigated. The colobus monkeys density has proved to be large enough to survive the predation by chimpanzees at the culling rate of 100 head per year. The puzzling discovery however, is that despite the fact that red-tailed monkeys were as abundant as red colobus monkeys, only the latter species were selected as intensive prey by chimpanzees. Various dipteran flies presumed to have some econlogical relationships with chimpanzees were collected using specialtraps.Fecal samples were systematically collected, and the occurrence of intestinal parasites was compared across age and sex. The quantity of sex hormones to be extracted from dried feces will be measured in the laboratory. Various artificial intervention such as girdling was attempted to eradicate an invasive exotic plant. Senna spectabilis, and the effects were compared among various methods and toe control plot. Data on ranging, ant-fishing, grooming, reunion, fighting, hunting and meat-sharing were collected.Behavior of the chimpanzees was video taped under the supervision of T.Nishida by various film-shooting teams including the University of Airteam. We expect to obtain valuable information from these cinematographic records. Less