Structural Change in Labor Markets and Japanese-style Long-term Employment Practices

根据工资普查的分析，就55岁至59岁年龄组而言，澄清了以下几点；(1)受教育程度较低的人的任期有延长的趋势，(2)城市和地方之间的任期差异有缩短的趋势，(3)行业之间的任期差异有缩小的趋势，(4)企业规模之间的任期差异有缩小的趋势，(5)60岁强制退休法对任期延长的影响相当显著。对日本滥用排污法律约束的理论分析表明，任何一种约束都能提高经济制度的效率。传统上，专门从事劳动法的人强调劳动者的生存权和工作权，强调长期雇佣关系中的忠诚义务，强调劳动者的议价能力弱。对男女工资差别的分析表明，1980 ~ 1994年期间，男女工资差别趋于缩小，主要是因为任期、行政职务、工作地点、教育水平等属性的差别趋于消失。分析还阐明了这些属性对这些差异的影响。根据20世纪80年代工资普查对晋升概率的分析，对在外地工作的工人的差别待遇趋于消失。这表明，最近流行的日本式就业危机论是有道理的，因为这种趋势至少从20世纪80年代初就开始了。对女大学毕业生终身教职中断的影响因素分析表明，要避免女大学毕业生终身教职中断，关键在于以下三点；(1)女性大学毕业生毕业时继续工作的意愿强烈；(2)工资差别被消解；(3)加班差别被废除。通过对工人个体和人事管理人员的劳资关系问卷调查，可以发现：(1)工会在提高工资方面并不有效，但工会很好地代表了工人的声音。(2)在有组织的企业中，集体谈判和劳动委员会在代表工人声音方面发挥了关键作用，而在无组织的企业中，则利用了另一种吸收工人声音的机制。(3)无论企业是否有组织，各种类型的声音吸收机制并不总是降低工人的退出率。少

According to the analysis based on the Wage Census, as far as the age cohort of 55 to 59 years of age is concerned, the following point have been clarified ; (1) the tenure tends to be expanded for the less-educated, (2) the urban-local difference in tenure tends to be shortened, (3) the industry difference in tenure tends to be narrowed a little bit, (4) the firm-scale difference in tenure tends to be narrowed, (5) the influence on tenure prolongation of the 60 years of age Mandatory Retirement Law is quite significant.the theoretical analysis on the Legal Constraint on the Abused Discharge in Japan clarifies that auch a constraint could enhance the efficiency of economic system all the more. Traditionally, people specialized in Labor Law have emphasized the workers' right to live and work, the duty of faithfulness in the long-term employment relationship, or the weak bargaining power of workers.The analysis on the male-female wage differentials explains that the differentials tend to … More be narrowed down during 1980 to 1994 mainly becouse the difference in attributes such as tenures, administrative positions, working places, or level of education tend to be dissolved. The analysis also clarifies the impact on such differences of these attributes.According to the analysis on the promotion probability based on the Wage Census during the 1980s, the differential treatment against the workers having worked somewhere else tends to be vanished. The result indicates that the recent popular argument on the Japanese-style employment crisis could be justifiable as the long-term tendency at least started from the early 1980s.The analysis on the determinants of the tenure interruption for female university graduates clarifies that to avoid the tenure interruption, the following three points are critical ; (1) female university graduates have a strong intention to continue to work at the time of graduation, (2) wage differentials are dissolved, and (3) the difference in overtime work are abolished.According to the questionnaire survey on the industrial relation for individual workers as well as personnel managers, it becomes made clear that : (1) The labor union is not effective on the pay increase but represents workers' voice very well. (2) In the organized firms, doth collective bargaining and work councils play a critical role to represent workers' voice, while, in the unorganized firm, the other type of voice absorbing mechanism is utilized. (3) Whether or not the firms are organized, various types of voice absorbing machanisms do not always decrease the exit rete of workers. Less