Design, Synthesis and Biological Activity of Anti-HIV Compounds Derived from Teleocidins

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Development of chemotherapy against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is currently a challenging problem. Though 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate(TPA) has anti-HIV activity, it is not suitable for use in vivo as it is too toxic. However, prostratin has been reported as an anti-HIV cytoprotective phorbol with protein kinase C (PKC) binding activity and without apparent tumor promotion activity. Teleocidins are well-known TPA-type tumor promoters. The discovery of prostratin prompted us to investigate the anti-HIV activity of teleocidins. We havefound the anti-HIV activity of teleocidin and of designed molecules that reproduce the stereochemistry of teleocidins.Phorbol esters (TPA) and teleocidins are known to be potent tumor promoters and to activate protein kinase C (PKC) by binding competitively to the enzyme. The relationship between the chemical structures and the activities of these compounds has attracted much attention because of the marked structural dissimilarities. (-) -B … More enzolactam-V8-310 which is a potent anti-HIV compound with the highest selectivity index among the teleocidin-related derivatives examined, reproduces the active conformation and the other biological activities of teleocidins. We have performed the synthesis of benzolactams with hydrophobic substituents at various positions. Structure-activity data indicate that the existence of a hydrophobic region between C-2 and C-9 and the steric factor at C-8 play critical roles in the appearance of biological activities. We also simulated the docking of these teleocidin-type benzolactam molecules to the cys2 domain structure observed in the crystalline complex of PKCd with phorbol 13-acetate. Teleocidins and benzolactams fitted well into the same cavity as phorbol-13-acetate. 0f the three functional groups hydrogen-honding to the protein, two hydrogen-bonded with protein atoms in cmmon with phorbol 13-acetate, but the third one hydrogen-bonded with a different protein atom from that in the case of phorbol-13-acetale. The model explains well the remarkable difference in activity between (-) -BL-V8-310 and its analog having a bulky substituent at C-8. Less