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Bribery and Reciprocity in the Classical Antiquity

古典时期的贿赂与互惠

基本信息

批准号：
09610386
负责人：
HASHIBA Yuzuru
金额：
$ 1.79万
依托单位：
Osaka University of Foreign Studies
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
财政年份：
1997
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
1997 至 1999
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

As is generally recognized, the classical Greeks had their own traditional values about gift, according to which reciprocity should play an essential role in forming their social relationships, since the so-called Homeric society. From the private point of view, gift-giving was an important practice, which was sometimes deemed as virtue. But on the other hand, in the public sphere of a polis a gift could easily be converted into bribery, which would awfully injure the common interests. The Greeks therefore had very ambivalent attitudes towards gift and bribery. The main concern of this project is how the Athenians came to terms with, or struggled with, the problem of bribery or gift in the course of the development of the Athenian democracy.The head investigator suggests that in some way or another they succeeded in integrating the reciprocity principle into the democratic systems such as leitourgia, while preparing strict legal regulations and procedures against bribery on the other hand. There could have been several turning points in the change of their attitudes towards gift and bribery : one of the most important epochs of that sort was the Persian Wars(490-79BC), when the Greeks noticed the dangerous effect of gift brought by the Persians to induce some of them into betrayal. In sum, the Athenian citizens, who had originally had lenient attitudes towards bribery until the end of the sixth century, came to realize by the late fifth that at least some kinds of gift could bring a catastrophic result to their community, and therefore introduced a series of legal regulations to punish them in the form of law and decrees.

一般认为，自荷马时代以来，古希腊人有着自己的传统礼物价值观，认为礼尚往来在社会关系的形成中起着至关重要的作用。从私人的角度来看，送礼是一种重要的习俗，有时被视为美德。但另一方面，在城邦的公共领域，一份礼物很容易转化为贿赂，这将严重损害共同利益。因此，希腊人对礼物和贿赂的态度非常矛盾。本文主要关注的是雅典人在民主发展过程中是如何处理贿赂或礼物问题的，主要研究者认为，他们一方面以某种方式成功地将互惠原则融入了莱图尔吉亚等民主制度中，另一方面制定了严格的反贿赂法律的规定和程序。他们对礼物和贿赂的态度可能有几个转折点：其中最重要的时期之一是波斯战争（公元前490-前79年），当时希腊人注意到波斯人带来的礼物会诱使他们中的一些人背叛。总之，雅典公民在世纪末之前对贿赂行为一直持宽容态度，到5世纪末，他们开始意识到至少有一些礼物会给他们的社会带来灾难性的后果，因此制定了一系列法律的规定，以法律和法令的形式对贿赂行为进行惩罚。