An Attempt to analyse Metaphor from its new Theories, and German Literature of the 20th Century - from the Point of View of Cognitive Psychology and System Theory

本研究的目的是从最近备受关注的几个现代隐喻新理论的角度来考察隐喻的现实意义，如德里达的差异和重复理论、自组织理论、卢曼的系统理论、信息加工理论、认知心理学(Lakoff)等。自1994年以来，我们一直试图阐明隐喻理论的意义，并阐明其基本观点和修辞立场。作为本研究的下一个阶段，我们试图考察语言中的差异和分裂是如何起作用的，因为无论是在从亚里士多德到利古的经典隐喻理论中，还是在新的隐喻思想中，都认为空白现象是创造隐喻的第一个基本前提。首先，我们重新审视了本雅明关于空白是必不可少的寓言的著名思想，然后是基于讽刺的…的两种理论更多的转移机制，由于失去了与指称对象的联系，用虚拟的虚假和形象覆盖了我们的生活；语言中的转移-转置的概念(Aitchison)和信息处理理论。之后，我们从认知心理学(Lakoff)的角度对隐喻的转换进行了研究，该理论减少了每一个文化层面和活动，使意义的一个基本层面，即间隙和转换，滑向了物理维度。系统论还把通过自我反思而产生的转移和差距作为交流、创造意义和隐喻的最重要的条件之一。我们得出的结论是，转移不仅包括消极的特征，而且还包括积极的各种潜能，是语言和思维最必要的条件之一。隐喻也是如此，它是语言的一部分，并充分利用转换来产生观点和意义。因此，在我们的下一个主题中，我们将考虑两种不同元素的组合机制，在隐喻的情况下，这是一种由转换产生的生成系统。较少

The purpose of this research is to investigate the present meaning and actuallity of metaphor from the point of view of several modern new theories about it, for example Derrida's thoery of difference and repetition, autopoiecis-theory, Luhmann's system theory, information processing theory, cognitive psychology (Lakoff) etc. which have lately attracted considerable attention.Since 1994 we have been trying to formulate the significance of theories about metaphor, and clarified elementar points and rhetotical position. As the next stage of our studies, we attempted to examine in this research how "differences and schifis" work in languages, because a phenomenon of "gaps" is regarded as the first fundamental prerequisite for creating a metaphor, not only in classical theories of metaphor from Aristoteles to Ricoeul, but also in new thoughts on metaphor.First we reexamined Benjamin's famous ideas about allegory to which gaps are essential, and then two theories that are based on ironical … More shift-mechanism which covers our life with virtual falses and images as a result of the absense of connections with referents; the notion of the shift-transposition in languages ( Aitchison) and information processing theory. After that we investigated shifts for metaphor from a point of view of the cognitive psychology (Lakoff) which reduces every cultural level and activity that slides a fundamental level of senses, namely gaps and shifts, to the physical dimension. System theory also regards the shift and gap by self-reflection as one of the most important conditions for communication and creating meaning and metaphor.We came to the conclusion that shift involves not only negative characters, but also positive various potentiality and are among the most necessary condition for language and thinking. It is also true of metaphor that is a part of the language and makes the best of shifts in order to produce of view and meanings. Consequently, in our next subject we would like to take a mechanism of combinations of two different elements, a generation-system from shifts, in the case of metaphor into consideration. Less