THE INSTITUTION OF CONTRACT AND THE ORGANIZATION OF THE FIRM IN A SYSTEM OF DIVISION OF LABOR

最后一年的研究目标是对企业内部和外部的交换计划类型进行分类，并提出在每种类型中起作用的合同模型，从而提供对劳动分工系统的全面看法。这些模型的基本思想是这样一种观点，即企业组织提供的环境知识是对不完整契约的补充，从而使契约不那么不完整。从这个角度出发，我探究了涉及电子商务的合同和组织问题。在信息社会中，使物、钱、人、信息的流动效率最优化的，是这种社会中适合于劳动分工制度的秩序形式。这种秩序的现实形式是以互联网为象征的网络，一个支持电子商务的网络。在这种情况下，由于交易成本大幅降低，与以正常面对面沟通为前提的这种交换相比，理性交换的机会呈指数级增长。“新经济”理论家声称，在这种环境下，消费者和生产者的角色划分正在逐渐消失；消费者可以利用互联网参与新商品的计划，这样他们的反馈可以以很少的成本积累起来，从而有助于资源配置的理想化。正如去年的研究报告所概述的那样，这种现象不仅回答了效率论所提出的一些问题，也回答了异化论所提出的一些问题。正如研究计划中所宣布的，我在1999年6月于纽约举行的IVR世界大会上以“法律与劳动分工”为主题的演讲中讨论了这一研究项目和其他研究结果。

The research goal for the final year was to classify types of exchange schemes both inside and outside the firm, and to propose models of contracts functioning in each type, thereby providing a comprehensive view of a system of division of labor. The basic idea underlying the models is the view that the environmental knowledge provided by the organization of the firm functioned as a complement to an incomplete contract, thus making it less incomplete. From this view point, I had inquired into problems concerning contract and organization that involved e-commerce. What optimizes the efficiency of the flow of things, money, people and information in the information society is the form of order adequate for an institution of division of labor in such a society. A realistic form of such an order is the network symbolized by the internet, a network that espouses e-commerce. In this context, because the transaction costs are dramatically decreased, the opportunities for rational exchange increase exponentially compared to such exchange that presupposes normal face-to-face communication. Theorists of "new economy" claim that through this is that the division of roles into the consumer and producer erodes away in this environment ; the consumer is enabled to participate in the planning of new merchandise utilizing the internet so that their feedback may be accumulated at little cost, hence contributing to the idealization of the allocation of resources. This phenomenon answers not only some of the questions invoked by the efficiency thesis, but also the alienation thesis, as outlined in the research report of last year. As announced in the research schedule, I have discussed this and other findings of the research project at the World congress of IVR held in June 1999 in New York in a presentation entitled "Law and the Division of Labor".