Inquiry into Public Decision Systems Enabling the Preservation of the Environment : a philosophical and systematic analysis of the ideals concerning the environment

答：本项目采用哲学、法学、经济学、社会学和系统工程等社会科学内部视角，重点关注可持续发展的社会伦理假设和主张，努力建立一个关于保护环境的合理理想，同时考虑到实施中的问题。该办法以自由市场办法的传统为基础，同时提出了关于机构建设的理想，旨在克服这种办法的缺点。同时，认识到环境问题的根本解决涉及到适当的收入分配制度，因此研究了基于自由的社会正义理想的再分配原则。目前还不知道一种有效的结构…分析方法。更真实的说法。我们沿袭了被称为“社会”的公共空间的概念，并跟随着它在19世纪欧洲的建立，以及社会管理方法的发展和随之而来的问题。我们发展的视角是了解环境问题作为社会发展的重要组成部分的发展及其管理技术的缺乏。通过从这个角度分析，我们发现：以前在经济学上被理解为外部性问题的环境问题，因此无法提出令人满意的答案；这些问题的提法是不恰当的。现在需要的是一种理论，它可以为谁来承担环境疲劳的社会成本的问题提供答案。此外，社会成本的概念本身也受到了质疑。它能装得住水吗？当时的假设是，被称为国家的实体将能够以公平和公平的方式分配使外部性内部化的成本。然而，正如日本发生的“Kohgai”悲剧一样，只有在环境和居民健康受到不可弥补的损害之后，才会认真尝试解决环境保护责任的分配问题。这样说来，很容易看出，正确的分析形式包括澄清自发的社会实体被称为国家的半自发、半故意的机构部分控制的机制，以及由于缺乏对社会控制工作机制的理解而产生的疑虑。要有效地控制社会，直接的方法被证明是固有的不足。通过市场机制进行间接控制是必要的。然而，市场有它的疑虑或失败。这里需要的是一套能够改变市场的原则，这样失灵就会平息，社会系统分担环境保护的成本就可以被称为公平和公平。较少

A.This project takes an intra-social-scientific perspective comprised from philosophy, law, economics, sociology and system engineering, focuses on the assumptions and the claims of the social ethics of sustainable development among others, endeavors to build an defensible ideal concerning the preservation of the environment, while keeping in mind the problems of implementation thereof. The approach is based on the heritage of the free market approach while proposing ideals concerning institution building designed to overcome the shortcomings of this approach. At the same time, acknowledging that the fundamental solution of the problem of environment involves an appropriate system of income distribution, principles of redistribution based on the liberal ideal of social justice were investigated.B.It is widely known that the problem of environment taken on an international basis is a deeply entrenched, structural problem. What is not known is an effective method of analysis of the struc … More ture. We have taken up the concept of public space called "society" and followed its establishment in 19th century Europe, and the development of the method of management of society and the accompanying problems involved. The perspective we have developed is to understand the development of the environmental issues as part and parcel of the development of society and the lack of its management techniques.Through analysis from this perspective, we have uncovered the following : environmental issues which were heretofore economically understood as problems of externality were not able to come up with satisfactory answers for this very reason ; the formulation of the issues was inappropriate. What is needed is a theory which provides answers to the question of who is to provide for the social cost of environmental fatigue. Further, the very concept of social cost was brought into question. Could it hold water? The assumption was that the entity called the state would be able to distribute the costs of internalizing the externalities in a fair and equitable way. However, as in the case of Japan where the tragedies named 'kohgai' had come into being, any serious attempt to address the issue of the distribution of the responsibilty for environmental conservation came only after irreparable damage was afflicted on the environment and the health of residents. Put this way, it is easy to see that the correct form of analysis involves clarifying the mechanism whereby a spontaneous entity called society came to be partially controlled by the half-spontaneous, half-intentional institution called the state, and the misgivings arising from the lack of understanding of the working mechanism of social control.In order to effectively control society, direct methods prove to be inherently insufficient. The indirect method of control through the market mechanism is a necessity. However, the market has its misgivings or failures. What is needed here is a set of principles enabling the modification of the market such that the failures subside and the social system distributing the costs of environmental preservation can be called fair and equitable. Less