International Comparative Study on Cartel Crime

我的研究旨在大幅提高日本对竞争性较低的行为的刑事监管能力。为此，我研究了美国、法国、意大利和德国等发达国家的刑事法规，在这个项目的第一年，我发现法国和意大利对串通犯罪的规定是效仿美国二战前的谢尔曼法的。1941年修订的《刑事规约》第96-3号中关于串通行为的规定受到意大利和法国法律的影响。这段历史表明，日本在二战前就已经有了卡特尔犯罪的原始规定。因此，我得出结论，《刑法》第96-3条是对现行《反垄断法》第89条关于一般卡特尔行为处罚的特别规定。第二年，我考察了美国的效果理论，以及将该理论引入日本帝王制度的能力，得出结论：在域外案件中，该理论不仅适用，而且在日本也是通用的。在最后的第三年，我继续研究域外案件，特别是包括数字签名在内的电子商务领域。我向日本政府提出了一些关于数字签名新规定的建议。我还对知识产权和反垄断政策之间关系的理论方面感兴趣，这一点在微软公司的案例中得到了广泛的展示

My research is aiming at substantial improvement of criminal regulatory power for less competitive conducts in Japan. For this purpose, I studied on criminal regulations of developed countries including the US, France, Italy and Germany.In the first year of this project, I found out the fact that the provisions of collusion crime in France and Italy were taking after the Sherman Act of the US before WWII. The provision of collusive conduct at #96-3 of the Criminal Statute which was amended in 1941 were under the influence of Italian and French law. This history shows that Japan had already before WWII the primitive provision of cartel crime. As the result, I concluded that #96-3 of Criminal Statute is a special regulation to the present provision of #89 of Anti-trust Law concerning to punishment of cartel conduct in general.In the second year, I surveyed the 'effect theory' of the US, and the capability of introducing this theory in Japanese regal system and conclude that in extra-territorial cases this theory is not only applicable but also versatile also in Japan.In the last third year, I continued to study extra-territorial cases, particularly e-commerce area including digital signature. I made some suggestions on the new regulations of digital signature to Japanese Government. I was also interested in the theoretical aspect of relationship between intellectual right and anti-trust policy which is topically shown in Microsoft Inc. case