Life histroy strategy of tropical insects

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Purpose : In order to study evolution of life history strategies of insects, we established several permanent study sites in Java and Sumatra under different rainfall and elevational conditions. We studied (1) Seasonal fluctuation of population size and physiological conditions of insects in the fields, and traits such as diapause, photoperiodism and temperate tolerance, etc. under laboratory conditions. Study insects include phytophagous ladybird beetles Epilachna, tortoise beetles Aspidomorpha, Drosophila flies, ants and, crickets. Maior results obtained are as follows, (1) Enumeration of 26 phytophagous ladybird beetles species with records of host plants and life history data from Sumatra and Java. (2) Oviposition patterns of 21 species of Indonesian and phytophagous ladybird beetle, (3) Diapause and tolerance to extreme temperatures in tropical (Indonesia), subtropical (Okinawa) and temperate (Hiroshima) populations of Epilachna vigintioctopunctata, (4) Survivorship and fertility schedules of E. pytho, (5) Ant species diversity in the Bogor Botanic Garden, West Java, (6) Long-term population dynamics of 3 Epilachna species and 2 species of tortoise beetles Aspidomorpha for (at longest) 9 successive years on 2-4 permanent study sites in Java and Sumatra, (7) Population dynamics of an isolated pyrrhocorid bug Melamphaus faberand its predatory bug Raxa nishidai in the Bogor Botanic Gardens for 9 years, (8) Fluctuation in the abundance of terrestrial arthropods at an Sumatran Highland.